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Although the mvpart package is designed for multivariate regression tree analysis, it defaults to CART with a single dependent variable and has several statistical options useful for pruning and cross-validating the regression trees (RT). Trees were determined by using 1000 cross-validations and pruned based on the 1-SE (standard error) error rule, whereby selection of the best tree was performed within one standard http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Thiazovivin.html error of the minimum (De��ath & Fabricius 2000). We excluded the data from the 100% retention for the CART analyses because we sought to understand only post-harvest mortality. We analysed residual tree mortality both 5 and 10?years after harvest, using three categorical dependant outcomes: living, standing dead and fallen dead. Results of these particular analyses are not presented here, as little variance was explained by the models and only height was a useful predictor of proportional change in the three categories between periods. Contingency tables were used to assess tree mortality as a function of: (i) overstorey composition, (ii) retention level, (iii) two categories of living spruce (canopy trees ��15?m and non-merchantable advance growth level of ��?=?0��05 was used for all contingency table analyses. We included data from the unharvested control (100%) compartments in these analyses. This allowed us to compare mortality rates between retention compartments and untreated controls. These analyses were implemented using the R statistical program. Mortality of residual aspen 5?years post-harvest was explained in relation to predictor variables by a five-leaf RT (i.e. leaf refers to each terminal node) accounting for 18% of the total variance (Fig.?1). Tree mortality was higher at lower (10% and 20%) overstorey retention levels, 28��3% (n?=?120), than the pooled mortality rate (9��5%, n?=?189) in the 50% and 75% retention compartments. Trees with larger ��?24% live crown ratios experienced lower rates of mortality (15��9%, n?=?63) than those with smaller PLC (42��1%, n?=?57). Mortality in trees with larger PLC was next split by DBH; both trees with ��?50?cm DBH died, but among smaller trees (DBH?