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These counts were statistically different (Fig. 1B). On the basis of the expression of CD56, two subpopulations of NK cells are distinguished [9]. Therefore, we counted separately CD56dim http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Cyclopamine.html and CD56bright NK cells, and the percentages of each subpopulation were calculated (Fig. 1B). All counts were statistically lower in 1st CR patients when compared with HD. Interestingly the CD56bright NK cells represented 26.9% in patients, which was significantly higher than in HD (5.7%). Thus, at this stage, it seemed that AML patients in 1st CR were characterized by a high level of CD56bright immature NK cells [9, 10]. To further characterize this over-represented CD56bright NK cell subpopulation in 1st CR patients, we established the pattern of expression of activating and inhibitory NK Receptors (NKR) [11] and compared it to the one of HD. NKR that had been tested included: NKG2D (a lectin-like type II transmembrane activating homodimer), CD16 (a Fc��RIII receptor responsible for Antigen Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity), Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors http://www.selleckchem.com/products/BI-2536.html (NCR; NKp30, NKp44 and NKp46), NKG2A (a lectin-like receptor associated with CD94 to form an inhibitory heterodimer), ILT2 (an inhibitory receptor also known as CD85j) and Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR). Regarding the latter family, we used a mix of three different monoclonal antibodies directed against NKAT2, NKB1, and CD158ah antigens. The NKAT2 antigen encompasses two inhibitory receptors (KIR2DL2, KIR2DL3) and their paired activating receptor (KIR2DS2). The NKB1 antigen corresponds to the inhibitory KIR3DL1 receptor, and CD158ah antigen accounts for the inhibitory KIR2DL1 and its activating KIR2DS1 paired receptor. The expression of these NKR was assessed by flow cytometry. For NKG2D, NKp30, NKp44, and NKp46 receptors, the histograms obtained in the flow cytometry study did not evidenced negative and positive populations (see Supporting Information Figure). Thus, the level of expression of these receptors was expressed with the Mean of Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) (Fig. 2A). On the contrary, for CD16, KIR, NKG2A, http://www.selleck.cn/products/gsk126.html and ILT2 stainings, a positive population could be distinguished and the rates of NK cells positive for each of these receptors could be obtained (Fig. 2A). No significant difference was observed between HD and 1st CR patient groups for the expression of ILT2, NKp30 and NKp44. We found that NKG2D, NKp46 and NKG2A were over-expressed on NK cells of patients, whereas CD16 and KIR were under-expressed. Finally, we searched for correlations between the levels of expression of different NKR. Classically, CD56bright NK cells express CD16 at a lower level than CD56dim NK cells, and CD56bright/CD16dim/? NK cells are known as ��immature�� circulating NK cells. Figure 2B reports the rate of CD56bright versus the rate of CD16+ NK cells for HD and 1st CR patients. As awaited, higher rates of CD56bright NK cells in patients correlated with lower rates of CD16+ NK cells.