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e., state) and age as covariates. Significance was determined based on an alpha level of 0.05. Similar to many large rapidly growing quadrupeds, black bear cortical bone consists of a mixture of primary and secondary bone (Fig. 2). Resorption cavities are eventually refilled by osteoblasts to produce secondary osteons. Osteon density is typically greatest in the older bone near the endosteal surface. Cortical bone cross-sectional area was greater (P = 0.0041) in Florida bear femurs than Utah and West Virginia bear femurs. Cortical cross-sectional area increased (P = 0.0001) with age in bears from all three states, however, the rate of the age-related increase was not different (P = 0.2156) between the three states. West Virginia black bears had greater OPD (P = 0.006) than those from Utah (Figs. 3 and 4). There was no difference (P = 0.1278) in OPD between West Virginia and Florida bears, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adrucil(Fluorouracil).html or between Florida and Utah bears (P = 0.2296). OPD increased (P http://www.selleckchem.com/products/SRT1720.html the slopes of OPD vs. age between Florida and West Virginia bears, but OPD increased at a faster rate (P = 0.0474) in West Virginia bears than in Utah bears, and OPD tended (P = 0.0862) to increase at a faster rate in Florida bears than in Utah bears. There were no age-related (P = 0.27) or latitude-related differences (P = 0.32) in refilling cavity density. There were also no age-related (P = 0.09) or latitude-related (P = 0.55) differences in resorbing cavity density. There was no age-related difference (P = 0.29) in osteonal area, but there was a trend (P = 0.09) for osteons to be largest Florida bears followed by West Virginia bears, then Utah bears. There was no latitude-related (P = 0.24) difference in Haversian canal area; however, Haversian canal area tended to increase in Florida bears (P = 0.055) but not West Virginia (P http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERTK = 0.71) or Utah (P = 0.28) bears. Both Florida (P = 0.0001) and West Virginia (P = 0.0006) samples demonstrated lower intracortical porosity compared to samples from Utah; however, intracortical porosity in bear bones from Florida and West Virginia were not different from each other (P = 0.6525) (Fig. 5). Porosity decreased (P = 0.0007) with age in bear bones from all three states; the rate of the age-related decrease in intracortical porosity were not different (P = 0.3343) between samples from the three states. Utah bear bones had greater (P = 0.0005) mineral content than Florida bear bones. Utah bears tended (P = 0.0604) to have greater ash fraction than those from West Virginia, and West Virginia bears tended (P = 0.0955) to have greater ash fraction than Florida bears. In bones from all three latitudes, ash fraction increased (P