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Relative proportions of slow and fast twitch fiber types in a given segment for each muscle were computed. In addition, as the superior longitudinal (SL) muscle spans the entire width of the tongue, it was separated into a medial and a lateral half which were counted separately. The critical step in analysis was the proper identification of the different muscles. The complex interweaving of the human tongue muscles makes the identification of individual muscles extremely difficult in histological sections. Prior publications http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adriamycin.html on the internal anatomy of the human tongue (Abd-El Malek 1938a, Miyawaki, 1974) have limited value when examining actual histological sections. In earlier work, we used data from the Visible Human Project to study the complex anatomy of human tongue muscles (Fig. 1D) and constructed a three-dimensional model to aid in identifying each muscle (Figs. 2 and 3; Sanders and Mu, 2013). Counts of slow and fast MFs were converted into percentages and the variability of percentages was expressed by the standard deviation. Comparison of percentages was made between the blade and body, body and base, and blade and base, and these were evaluated by student's t-test, using P? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/LBH-589.html experimental specimens was the tongue body, specifically its medial aspect. Even then, the extrinsic muscles and the intrinsic inferior longitudinal (IL) muscle could not be reliably identified in all specimens and these were not analyzed. Therefore, for purposes of comparison, only counts were made from three intrinsic muscles from the medial https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamorphone aspect of the sections from the tongue body, the SL, vertical (VM), and transverse muscle (TM). Therefore, the reported total muscle fiber counts were obtained from these three intrinsic muscles. To allow a valid comparison between the experimental group and the Normals, the four normal adult human specimens were recounted using the same protocol. A review of basic tongue anatomy is necessary before describing specific findings for each muscle. Tongue muscles of most mammals are divided into two main groups: the extrinsic and the intrinsic (Sonntag, 1925). The intrinsic muscles originate and insert within the tongue and have no bony attachments. These muscles are presumed to largely function as muscular hydrostats, altering the shape of the tongue. In contrast, the extrinsic muscles have one attachment to the mandible (GG), styloid process (SG) or hyoid bone (HG) while the other end inserts within the tongue. These muscles act more to change the position of the tongue within the oral cavity.