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To confirm this normal immature phenotype, we checked in Fig. 2B that CD56bright NK cells expressed high levels of NKG2A and that the percentage of NKG2A+ NK cells was inversely proportional to the percentage of KIR+ NK cells. Overall, our results show that in AML patients at 1st CR the proportion of immature NK cells is abnormally high. This can indicate that the NK cell population is under reconstitution after the intensive induction chemotherapy. Such an immature phenotype has also been observed after HSCT during the reconstitution of NK cells from engrafted progenitors [12, 13]. As the persistence of a large proportion of immature NK cells might be deleterious for patients regarding the dreaded relapse of the disease, we underwent the follow-up http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Cyclopamine.html of the evolution of NK cell populations in four 1st CR patients during the first four http://www.selleckchem.com/products/BI-2536.html months after CR was effective. We monitored the level of expression of CD56 (and assessed the rate of CD56bright NK cells), NKG2A, and KIR. These preliminary data indicate that the immature NK cell population in patients was still more important than in HD, and did not have a tendency to decrease four months after 1st CR (see Fig. 3). This observation is consistent with the one of Dulphy et al. who shows that the immature NK cell subset is pre-eminent up to one year after HSCT [13]. The follow-up is going on to assess the persistence of NK cell immaturity and finally the correlation with relapse. To end, we sought after correlation between the cytogenetic and molecular prognostic groups and expression of the NKR. The only significant difference was obtained regarding the percentage of CD16+ NK cells (analyzed for 22 patients) which was lower in the intermediate-II group when compared to the favorable group. In conclusion, our results strengthen the data accumulated over recent years indicating a qualitative and quantitative defectiveness of NK cells in AML patients in 1st CR (with HSCT treatment or not) and highlight the need for immunological intervention aimed at activating the reconstitution of this population of anti-leukemia effectors and triggering at its best its cytolytic potential against malignant cells. http://www.selleck.cn/products/gsk126.html Fresh and thawed samples from AML patients have been obtained after informed consent and stored at the HIMIP (cytoth��que des H��mopathies malignes de l'INSERM Midi-Pyr��n��es). According to the French law, HIMIP collection has been declared to the Ministry of Higher Education and Research (DC 2008-307 collection 1) and has obtained a transfer agreement (AC 2008-129) after approbation by an Ethical Committee (��Comit�� de Protection des Personnes Sud-Ouest et Outremer II��). Clinical and biological annotations of the samples have been declared to the CNIL (Comit�� National Informatique et Libert��s, i.e. Data processing and Liberties National Committee).