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Expiration depends on upper airway patency, elastic recoil of the lungs, the cannula and the jet oxygenation device. The aim of this study was to investigate the expiratory flow characteristics of different jet oxygenation devices via different cannulae. A 10-cm catheter-mount, internal diameter 23?mm (the ��trachea��) was attached to a 1000-ml Precision Test Lung (Fluke Biomedical, Everett, WA, USA) and occluded to simulate complete upper airway obstruction. The ��trachea�� was cannulated with either 14G Insyte; 16G Insyte (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA); 13G Ravussin (VBM, Sulz, Germany); or 6F Cook Catheter (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, USA) cannulae. Four jet oxygenation devices were studied: Manujet IIITM; (VBM, Sulz, Germany); ENK Oxygen Flow Modulator (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, USA); three-way http://www.selleckchem.com/products/r428.html tap on oxygen tubing; and a T-piece device. The Enk and T-piece devices were connected to 15?l.min?1 flow. The three-way tap device http://www.selleckchem.com/products/PF-2341066.html was connected to either 6 or 15?l.min?1. The model lung was inflated to 30 or 60?cmH20. Intrapulmonary pressures and expiratory flow profiles were recorded using a gas flow analyser (VT Mobile, Fluke Biomedical, Everett, WA, USA). The 6Fr Cook and 14G Insyte permitted the most rapid expiration (p? http://www.selleck.cn/products/3-methyladenine.html pressure with the three-way tap device connected to 15?l.min?1 O2 flow. The Manujet did not allow expiration. The 6Fr Cook and 14G Insyte cannulae demonstrated the least resistance to flow. B. Marson, E. Anderson, A. R. Wilkes and I. Hodzovic University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff and Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK Email: hodzovic@cf.ac.uk Tracheal ��clicks�� and ��hold-up�� signs are used to confirm tracheal placement of an introducer (bougie), but this has been reported to cause trauma to the airway [1].This study aims to determine the forces exerted during this manoeuvre and to test these forces on a swine lung model. Ten samples of the Frova (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, USA) and Eschmann (Smiths Medical, Ashford, Kent, UK) introducers were studied. The terminal end of the right main bronchus of the Laerdal Intubation Trainer (Laerdal Medical, Orpington, Kent, UK) was aligned with the disc of a force transducer. Airway extensions were added to the end of the bronchus. Ten swine lungs were attached to the upper airway and fixed to a board positioned on a sliding scale with a force transducer attached to the distal end. Forces exerted during the ��hold up�� sign are shown in Table?2. The mean (SD) forces required to cause an airway perforation of a swine lung model were 0.9 (0.2)?N and 1.1 (0.