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I analysed the relationship between altitude and these demographic parameters with linear regression models. For parametric tests, I did not conduct any transformation on demographic parameters because inspection of residuals showed that the assumptions of analyses, mainly homoscedasticity, were met. The log-linear analysis, Student��s t-tests, paired t-tests and linear regression models were performed using spss v.17 statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). I monitored a total of 12?013 A.?thaliana plants over the whole study (2007�C2011; Table?1). Seasonal and yearly fluctuations in plant numbers were very high in almost all populations, varying from zero to hundreds or even thousands (Table?1). In general, there were more individuals before (mean?��?SE across http://www.selleckchem.com/products/SP600125.html populations and field seasons?=?275.31?��?115.89; Fig.?2a) than after winter (51.45?��?10.16; Fig.?2a). Only populations at elevations above 1400?m (VIE, BIS and PAL) had some years with more individuals from spring than from winter cohorts (Table?1). When http://www.selleck.cn/products/Imatinib(STI571).html considering surviving individuals (i.e. surviving until reproduction) only, spring cohorts (mean?��?SE across populations and field seasons?=?36.03?��?8.02) were more numerous than winter cohorts (20.35?��?6.34), except in some years for some populations below 1000?m (BAR, POB, MUR and VDM; Table?1). Survival varied significantly among field seasons, populations and cohorts (Table?2). Importantly, for this study, overall survival of spring cohorts (65.38?��?6.27%; Fig.?2b) was fourfold higher than that of winter cohorts (14.63?��?3.87%; Fig.?2b). Survival of spring cohorts varied between 16.65?��?23.55% and 91.75?��?3.41% among populations, and between 53.12?��?19.59% and 72.47?��?14.23% among field seasons. Survival of winter cohorts varied between 2.10?��?1.71% and 45.75?��?23.42% among populations, and between 2.93?��?1.63% http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD6244.html and 18.19?��?12.84% among field seasons. The effect of all interactions between main factors on survival was also significant (Table?2), indicating that survival probability is affected by multiple sources of variation that interact in a complex way. Winter and spring cohorts did not significantly differ from each other for mean number of fruits in almost all cases (Table?3). Only three t-tests yielded significant P-values for the mean number of fruits: individuals from the spring cohort produced more fruits than those from the winter cohorts in BAR in 2007�C2008, whereas the opposite was found in VIE and POB in 2009�C2010 (Table?3). Overall, winter and spring cohorts produced on average (��SE) 4.43?��?0.72 and 4.21?��?0.58 fruits per plant, respectively (Fig.?2c). Net reproductive rates (R0) differed significantly between winter and spring cohorts (t1,17?=?6.04, P?