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Upon addition of 100?mm NaCl to the bath, the PX dropped with an exponential time course to 51?kPa because of water efflux from the root elicited by the increase in external osmotic pressure (by 457?kPa). When PX had attained a steady value, light irradiation was increased to ensure that pressure responded to light and negative pressure in the impaled xylem vessel and in the probe could be established (at t?=?102?min, data not shown); indeed, pressure dropped below vacuum with a few minutes delay as previously described in detail (Wegner & Zimmermann 1998, 2002, 2009; Shabala et?al. 2009). Simultaneously, the response of the TRP following the addition of NaCl was monitored (Fig.?1a). This parameter reflects MP changes both of cortical and of stelar cells (Wegner et?al. 1999). Under control conditions, http://www.selleck.cn/products/Imatinib(STI571).html a steady value of ?35?mV was recorded in this particular experiment. Salt treatment elicited a rapid depolarization to ?3?mV (within 65?s) followed by a slower recovery of the TRP almost to the original value (?30?mV). The transient excursion of the TRP was completed after about 7?min. Subsequently, it remained constant until light irradiation was increased. The third parameter to be continuously monitored was the xylem K+ activity; it was 6.9?mm under control conditions. When NaCl was added, the xylem K+ activity dropped transiently by 2.4?mm and increased http://www.selleckchem.com/products/SP600125.html again to 5.9?mm. In this experiment, a final value of 4?mm was reached about 20?min after NaCl addition; in six other experiments (out of n?=?8), AK+ returned to the value measured before exposure to salt. A transient drop of xylem K+ was observed in seven out of eight http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD6244.html experiments. In one experiment, a transient increase in K+ was elicited by salinity. Results of the experiments performed with the multifunctional probe are summarized in Table?1; note that the experiments were performed at two external Ca2+ levels (0.1?mm�C low, 2?mm�C high) because Ca2+ is known to interfere with the response of roots to external Na+ (Lynch, Cramer & L?uchli 1987; Mansour 1995; Shabala et?al. 2003, 2006). Varying the Ca2+ level in the bath solution had no significant (P?