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We recorded usual data regarding transplantation characteristics including mean donor and recipient age, duration of dialysis, the number of human leucocyte antigen mismatches, induction therapy, maintenance immunosuppressive http://www.selleckchem.com/products/smoothened-agonist-sag-hcl.html therapy, cold ischemia time and incidence of delayed graft function (DGF). DGF was defined as the need for dialysis in the first 7 days after renal transplantation. All recipients with positive anti-HLA antibodies were considered as immunized recipients. Demographic data including recipient and donor age, gender, the number of human leucocyte antigen mismatches, the main cause of renal disease and cold ischemia time were also recorded for the control group. The outcome of renal transplantation in these patients was examined including patient and graft survivals, incidence of acute rejection, incidence and characteristics of AA amyloidosis recurrence, acute cardiovascular events (including cardiac death, myocardial infarction, acute congestive heart failure and acute cerebral ischemic stroke) and cause of patient death. Post-transplantation infectious episodes were recorded for all patients. Infectious episodes were defined as following: acute graft pyelonephritis was defined by the simultaneous presence of fever and a urine culture showing significant bacterial growth of >105 http://www.selleck.cn/products/SP600125.html colony forming units/mL (14). The diagnosis of pulmonary infection required the presence of new or worsening pulmonary infiltrates associated with fever and growth of organisms http://www.selleckchem.com/products/epz015666.html in cultures. Isolation of bacteria from a single blood culture in the presence of clinical symptoms or signs of infection was considered true bacteremia. Since no protocol biopsies were included in this retrospective study, the definition of recurrence was based on clinical and/or biological suspicion of recurrence and was confirmed in all cases by pathological examination of graft biopsy specimens to identify AA amyloid deposits. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated by the CKD epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) creatinine equation (15). Follow-up data were obtained for all but two patients. Quantitative data are presented as means (1 standard deviation) or medians (25th�C75th quartiles) and were compared using ANOVA or Wilcoxon Mann�CWhitney or Kruskal�CWallis tests when appropriate. Qualitative data are expressed in n (%) and were compared using the Pearson ��2 test or the Fisher exact test when appropriate. Among AA amyloidosis patients, factors associated with death, graft loss, infectious episodes and acute cardiovascular events were analyzed in exact logistic regression due to the weak number of events. Factors associated with outcomes at p