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Each subepoch of 125 points was then Fourier-transformed using a 256-point Fast Fourier-Transform (FFT) and zero-padding. The FFT magnitude from each subwindow was then averaged to obtain an average amplitude spectrum for each 2-s epoch. Relative power in the theta band (4?7 Hz) (i.e., relative to total power in 1�C30 Hz) at a posterior electrode Pz [Lin et al., 2005, 2010; Makeig and Jung, 1996] was estimated and used as an EEG estimate of drowsiness. Pearson's correlation analysis was carried out between average tracking error, PERCLOS, and average theta activity for each 60-s window. The fMRI data were analyzed using FSL (FMRIB's Software Library; available at: www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl). fMRI preprocessing included motion correction [Jenkinson et al., 2002], field map-based unwarping https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotamiton [Jenkinson, 2003], slice-time correction, and spatial smoothing with a 7 mm Gaussian kernel (full width at half maximum), and high-pass filtering using �� = 75 s. All fMRI scans were normalized to the MNI152 standard space using the structural scan [Jenkinson et al., 2002]. General linear model (GLM) based analysis was used to identify the pattern of BOLD activity during microsleeps. http://www.selleckchem.com/products/rxdx-106-cep-40783.html In the GLM, BOLD activity during microsleeps was modeled using a variable epoch regressor convolved with a double-gamma hemodynamic response function. The variable-epoch function was generated by setting each microsleep trial as a boxcar epoch with the duration of the epoch equal to the duration of the microsleep. Any episodes of flat tracking longer than 15 s (considered to be due to sleep) or of transient episodes of partial/full eye-closures without clear indication of flat tracking were modeled as regressors of no interest. Regressors for postcentral theta and occipital alpha activity were obtained using a moving window spectral analysis method with a window of 3.5 s and a 1.0-s overlap, i.e., stepping at 2.5 s The regressors were derived for the total duration of tracking task in each block (i.e., 25 min http://www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-673451.html each). For the theta regressor, average relative power from three electrodes P1, P2, Pz was used. For the alpha regressor, average relative power from three occipital electrodes O1, Oz, O2 was used. Only subjects with electrode impedances