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47, 48 It has been suggested that the addition of milk to tea may alter the bioavailability of antioxidant polyphenols. However, a bioavailability study examining the effects of infusion time and addition of milk to tea found that while greater infusion time increased the antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of tea, adding milk had no effect on these parameters.39 In this study, femoral neck BMD was associated with all groups of flavonoids except flavones. This dietary factor explained a small http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Y-27632.html amount of the variation ( http://www.selleckchem.com/products/chir-99021-ct99021-hcl.html backs up the work of Horcajada-Molteni and colleagues,13 who suggested that rutin (a flavonol) and/or its metabolites inhibit ovariectomy-induced trabecular bone loss in rats by slowing down resorption and increasing formation. Bone-resorption markers were negatively associated with intakes of flavanones, showing that flavanones, which accounted for about 15% of total flavonoid intakes, were associated with decreased bone resorption. The regression models for the bone markers showed different patterns from those for BMD because the dummy variable explained greater variations than weight, and smoking was seen to influence bone http://www.selleck.cn/products/BKM-120.html resorption. This work is supported by animal studies in which nonpharmacologic doses of citrus juice have been shown to exert a positive effect on decreasing bone resorption in male rats.50 A study by Chiba and colleagues14 found that hesperidin prevented bone loss in ovariectomized mice, suggesting that this flavanone may be useful in preventing disease arising from estrogen deficiency, although the molecular mechanisms behind this observation are still unclear. Hesperidin has a high antioxidant capacity, and it has been suggested that bone resorption is decreased by inhibition of osteoclastic superoxide availability.51 A further mechanism of action may be through estrogen receptors, to which flavanones have been found to have a high binding affinity.52 A further explanation may be that those with high intakes of hesperidin may have a greater ability to secrete the metabolites required for its absorption, thus increasing bioavailability.36 This cross-sectional study of over 3000 women has shown associations between greater intakes of dietary flavonoids and improved bone health, although causality cannot be inferred owing to the study design.