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An example respiratory trace is given in Fig.?1b. Baseline PETCO2 (��?SD) was 4.7% (��?0.7%), with breath holds increasing PETCO2 by 0.8% (��?0.2%) and 0.6% (��?0.2%) with vocalisations. CO2 challenges induced an average increase in PETCO2 of 0.9% (��?0.1%). The results from a small-volume family-wise-error corrected analysis of the PAG revealed significant (p? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_cells were found in the PAG for either vocalisation or the finger opposition task. We observed significant signal increases bilaterally in the motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, anterior cingulate (ACC) and paracingulate cortices, primary sensory cortex, anterior insula and putamen (supplementary Fig. 1). Breath holds also correlated with bilateral BOLD signal increases in the supramarginal gyrus and caudate nucleus, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/DAPT-GSI-IX.html whilst vocalisations correlated with right side supramarginal gyrus activation. Vocalisations were also associated with thalamic activation bilaterally in the VPL nucleus, Heschl's gyrus (primary auditory cortex) http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Gefitinib.html and the planum polare. Conversely, breath holds were associated with right side BOLD signal increases in the thalamus [ventral posterolateral (VPL) and ventral posteromedial (VPM) nuclei], subthalamic nucleus and red nucleus. The hypercapnia challenges and the resultant CO2 regressor produced strong BOLD signal increases throughout the grey matter of the brain. Furthermore, increases in BOLD signal correlating to the CO2 regressor were observed within the PAG, localised to the grey matter and excluding the aqueduct (not illustrated). Finger opposition resulted in significant signal increases bilaterally in the motor cortex (more extensive activation in the contralateral left motor cortex), supplementary motor cortex, anterior cingulate (ACC) and paracingulate cortices, primary sensory cortex, anterior insula cortex, operculum, caudate nucleus and putamen (supplementary Fig. 1). Bilateral signal increases were seen in the thalamic VPL nuclei, as well as the left thalamic VPM nucleus. In addition, activations were observed in the left subthalamic and red nuclei, left pons, right (ipsilateral) cuneate nucleus of the medulla (Fig.?5), and bilateral cerebellum (VI and VIIIa lobules). Assuming that the human PAG has a columnar structure similar to that in animals, and corresponding with recent human neuroimaging findings (Ezra et al.