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The lower canaliculus was routinely syringed and probed. Patency to the nose and any reflux via the upper canaliculus, or canalicular obstruction, was recorded. Finally, 23 patients with primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) and 21 patients with FNLDO were included in the study. All subjects were tested between 10?AM and 5?PM. The temperature of test room environment was set at 23��C?��?2��C, and the humidity was set at 40?��?5%. Measurements were http://www.selleckchem.com/products/LY294002.html taken in both eyes. In our comparison of patient groups, we considered only the affected eye. In cases in which both eyes were affected, one eye was selected using a computerized random number generator. All measurements were performed by one technician. All subjects used no eye drops within 1?hr prior to testing to avoid drop effects. The participant blinked two or three times prior to capture to maintain consistency. The patients looked straight ahead at the fixating target in the OCT system. The OCT pattern used to scan the tear meniscus was a 6-mm vertical line centred at three http://www.selleckchem.com/products/CHIR-99021.html points �C medial, central and lateral. The vertical axis of the corneal centre was used as a central point crossed with the lower eyelid, medial limbus for the medial point and lateral limbus for the lateral point (Fig.?1). An FD OCT system (rtvue, software version 3.5; Optovue Inc., Fremont, CA, USA) with a corneal adaptor module (CAM) was also used. The system operated at an 830-nm wavelength and had an axial resolution in the tissue of 5?microns. The CAM produced telecentric scanning for anterior segment imaging, using either a wide-angle or high-magnification adaptor lens. We employed the wide-angle lens, which provided a 15-micron transverse resolution. Custom oct software (version 3.5; Optovue Inc., Fremont, CA, USA) was used to measure the TMH, tear meniscus cross-sectional area (TMA) and tear meniscus depth (TMD) at three points, and the tear meniscus-cornea angle (TM angle) at the central point (Fig.?2). Tear meniscus height was measured from the cornea�Cmeniscus junction to the lower eyelid�Cmeniscus junction. http://www.selleck.cn/products/wortmannin.html TMD was measured from the midpoint of the air�Cmeniscus interface to the cornea�Clower eyelid junction. TMA was approximated by two triangles with four points (Fig.?2). These parameters were measured at three points of each eye. The TM angle, which defined the angle between the inferior cornea and tear meniscus surfaces, was measured only at the central points. All data are expressed as means?�� SD. Independent sample t-tests were applied to the comparison of tear meniscus parameters between the watery eye and normal control subjects. Additional analyses were conducted according to PANDO and FNLDO. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare the differences between three points in the watery eye and normal subjects. A level of p?