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5��C) or normothermia with a servo-controlled whole-body cooling device that is in clinical use. Pigs were anesthetized and fully instrumented for cardiovascular and temperature (rectal and regional brain) monitoring. Changes in brain temperatures were measured during four different paradigms to mimic different clinical practices. Results:? Inserting an insulating pillow between the head and the heated surface reduced cortex temperature by 1 or 2��C during normothermia (core temperature Tcore 37��C) or hypothermia, Tcore 33.5��C. Reducing ambient temperature from 28��C to 23��C reduced cortex temperature by 3.9?��?1.9��C. Without a hat and overhead heater at normothermia, cortex and deep brain temperatures were reduced by 1.2?��?0.8 and 0.7?��?0.7��C, respectively. Direct overhead heating abolished the normal cortex to deep brain temperature gradient that was maintained if using a head shield. Conclusion:? Brain http://www.selleck.cn/products/carfilzomib-pr-171.html temperature may differ from core temperature during therapeutic hypothermia influenced by different clinical practices. ""Few studies have focused on paediatric hyposplenism/asplenism, in which splenic phagocytic activity is diminished or absent in an anatomically present spleen. This study aimed to evaluate clinical findings, laboratory tests and prognosis of children with functional hyposplenism/asplenism. The study group comprised 74 children who had liver/spleen technetium-99m sulphur colloid scintigraphy from 2002 to 2008. Information collected included demographic features, background diseases, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Metformin-hydrochloride(Glucophage).html blood smear findings, indications for scintigraphy and outcome. Children with functional hyposplenism were followed until 2012. We found that 34 patients had functional hyposplenism/asplenism. The main indications for scintigraphy in the hyposplenic patients were persistent thrombocytosis and recurrent infections. Associated conditions included immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, malignancies and genetic disorders. Main infections were sinopulmonary infections, bacteraemia and sepsis. The major pathogens were Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza group A. There was no correlation between the presence of Howell-Jolly http://www.selleckchem.com/products/BIBF1120.html bodies in blood smear with clinical disease severity or scintigraphic findings. Repeated scintigraphy showed spontaneous normalisation in 40% of patients. Functional hyposplenism is an important and underdiagnosed immunodeficiency condition in children, associated with various clinical conditions including prolonged unexplained thrombocytosis, immune deficiency and autoimmunity. Technetium-99m sulphur colloid scintigraphy is the method of choice for evaluating splenic function. ""To study the clinical impact of multiple viral respiratory infections compared to single infections. Demographic data from 37 multiple infection periods in children
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