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Diffusion-weighted MRI was first applied in the brain, where it became the ��gold standard�� for the diagnosis http://www.selleck.cn/products/azd4547.html of acute stroke [3]. The clinical use of body DW-MRI was limited owing to physiological motion artifacts (i.e. respiration, cardiac and bowel motion) [19]. Because of technical advances, including fast sequences, DW-MRI has been applied in the abdomen and pelvis. It has been used for tumour detection and characterization and to monitor treatment response in various organs including the urinary tract [4�C16]. The feasibility of using DW-MRI for the detection of urinary bladder carcinoma was tested in several studies. In a study of 15 patients, Matsuki et?al. [8] showed that all carcinomas were clearly shown as high signal intensity relative to the surrounding structure. The sensitivity and positive predictive values of DW-MRI were 100% in terms of correctly detecting the carcinomas. The ADC value of the carcinoma was lower compared with that of the normal bladder wall [8]. Similar results were reported in a second study by El-Assmy et?al. [9]. In a prospective study including 130 patients with gross haematuria, DW-MRI had http://www.selleckchem.com/products/MK-1775.html 98.1% specificity and 92.3% sensitivity in discriminating a total of 106 malignant cases from 14 benign conditions [10]. A smaller study including 59 patients with gross haematuria or under follow-up after previous BCa showed http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD6244.html 97.6% specificity and 96% sensitivity in discriminating 34 malignant lesions from nine benign conditions [11]. Notably, in many of these studies, imaging was performed before TUR [9,10]. It is well known that post-TUR inflammatory changes negatively affect conventional morphological imaging [15]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to test the validity of DW-MRI in differentiating tumour from benign disease of the bladder during follow-up after TUR of superficial bladder tumours. In the present study, excellent agreement was found between DW-MRI and conventional cystoscopy findings. Reviewers were able to identify almost all bladder lesions and missed only two lesions which were