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Magn Reson Med 71:839�C845, 2014. ? 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ""To enrich and develop more convenient and effective boundary treatment method in Monte-Carlo simulation of restricted diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance. The conventional approach used in treating boundary behaviors of restricted diffusion is the elastic boundary reflection. Because random walk is not dynamic process, other boundary treatments such as inelastic reflection are acceptable and probably simplify the programming of diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance simulation. The present study simulated the pulse gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance by employing three boundary models, i.e., the elastic boundary reflection, the non-elastic boundary reflection, http://www.selleck.cn/products/carfilzomib-pr-171.html and the equal-step-length random leap. Their effects http://www.selleckchem.com/products/BIBF1120.html on precision, convergence, and calculation efficiency were investigated, as well as the effects of non-fixed boundary reflection step-length drawn from a Gaussian distribution in barrier-crossing steps. The results show no obvious difference in convergences and precisions for different methods when the relative step-length is sufficiently small. Compared with the traditional approach, the required computation time of the latter two was reduced in some degree. Boundary treatments based on inelastic reflection are a feasible choice in Monte-Carlo simulation of nuclear magnetic resonance, and in comparison with the conventional approach, it not only renders programming more convenience but also possibly lead to higher calculating efficiency. Magn Reson Med, 70:1167�C1172, 2013. ? 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ""Direct 2D tracking of cardiac motion may provide superior respiratory navigator gating for coronary magnetic resonance angiography compared to conventional liver-diaphragm navigators. However, additional 2D processing for motion extraction is unsuitable for real-time prospective gating. In this work, a 2D fat-selective image navigator, which delineates the epicardial fat surrounding coronary arteries, is developed to directly monitor epicardial fat motion at every heartbeat in real-time for prospective gating. The proposed navigator is incorporated into a real-time interactive software that allows rapid setup and efficient motion extraction, and runs on standard clinical http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Metformin-hydrochloride(Glucophage).html hardware without any additional dedicated components for processing. The proposed 2D cardiac fat image navigator was compared with the conventional 1D diaphragm navigator in free-breathing b-SSFP coronary MRAs in 12 healthy volunteers at 1.5T. Real-time motion extraction from 2D cardiac fat navigator images was feasible within 20 ms, enabling successful prospectively gated coronary magnetic resonance angiographies in all subjects. Compared to 1D diaphragmatic navigator, 2D fat image navigator reduced scan time by 38% (P?