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The CVs ranged from 0.3% to 1.6% of the tibia and from 0.8% to 3.7% of the radius.28 The same device, software, and operator were used throughout the study. To http://www.selleckchem.com/PD-1-PD-L1.html evaluate the quality of the measurements, we used a five-item graded scale as recommended by the manufacturer (Scanco Medical), where 1 corresponded to highest quality, 2 to 3 to acceptable quality, and 4 to 5 to unacceptable quality. Measurements graded from 1 to 3 were included in the analysis, while measurements graded 4 and 5 were excluded. Of the measurements on the radius, 86 were considered to have unacceptable quality, leaving 743 subjects eligible for analyses of the radius. In the tibia, one measurement was considered to have unacceptable quality, leaving 828 subjects eligible for analyses of the tibia.28 Defining the http://www.selleck.cn/products/MK-1775.html four mutually exclusive subgroups��smokers, nonsmokers, starters, and quitters��we compared bone parameters and covariates of smokers to nonsmokers, nonsmokers to starters, and smokers to quitters. Cross-sectional comparisons of bone parameters and covariates at follow-up between smokers and nonsmokers were carried out with ANOVA or analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using the corresponding contrast and for the bone parameters with or without adjustment for age, log weight, height, physical activity, and calcium intake. Longitudinal changes in parameters between smokers and quitters as well as nonsmokers and starters were compared with ANOVA or ANCOVA and the two corresponding contrasts. Differences between the subgroups were tested by least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test. Changes in bone parameters were analyzed with or without changes in height, calcium intake, physical activity, and age at baseline. Values of p? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adriamycin.html 61 (7.3%) were smokers at baseline (18�C20 years of age). Of these, 30 (3.6%) were still smokers at the 5-year follow-up (23�C25 years of age) and 31 had ceased to smoke (quitters) since baseline. From baseline to the time of follow-up, 31 subjects had started to smoke (starters), resulting in a total of 61 (7.3%) smokers at follow-up. Subjects that did not smoke on a daily basis either at baseline or at the 5-year follow-up (n?=?741) are referred to as nonsmokers. Changes in bone variables in the whole cohort over the 5-year period have been reported.6 We compared the longitudinal absolute changes in bone parameters in starters since baseline with the changes in subjects that were nonsmokers at both baseline and 5-year follow-up. There were no significant differences in age at baseline, weight or height, amount of physical activity, or calcium intake between the groups (Table 1).