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Because conventional ICSI-like magnification does not enable all types of abnormality in grade I and II spermatozoa to be visualized (Boitrelle et al, 2011b), we suggest that the IMSI-like, high-magnification selection of spermatozoa may be of value before oocyte injection of frozen-thawed sperm. Whatever the ART protocol used http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2157299.html for frozen-thawed sperm, MSOME or high-magnification sperm selection should be performed as soon as possible, because the postthaw time interval is associated with an increase in vacuolization (Peer et al, 2007). As expected, cryopreservation induced a decrease in the sperm viability rate (P http://www.selleck.cn/products/XL184.html with noncondensed chromatin appeared to be negatively correlated with sperm viability. Thus, we had hypothesized that chromatin of motile (and thus live) normal spermatozoa was more frequently well condensed. However, according to our literature analysis, chromatin status of the motile and potentially ICSI-selectable spermatozoa that persist after cryopreservation was never studied. In the present study, when we observed only motile spermatozoa, noncondensed chromatin appeared to be correlated with MSOME too. We found that the lower the proportion of grade I/II spermatozoa (and thus the higher the proportion of grade III/IV spermatozoa) after freezing-thawing, the higher the proportion of spermatozoa with noncondensed chromatin. Because spermatozoa with noncondensed chromatin cannot be recognized under ICSI-like magnification (Boitrelle et al, 2011b), MSOME may be of value. Indeed, it has previously been shown that noncondensed chromatin sperm rates were higher in grade III spermatozoa (Garolla et al, 2008; Boitrelle et al, 2011a) and grade IV spermatozoa (Franco et al, 2012) than in grade I spermatozoa. Thus, we can affirm that cryopreservation even alters morphology and chromatin condensation in teratozoospermic spermatozoa that presented above-normal noncondensed sperm rates before freezing. We hypothesize that selection of grade I/II spermatozoa that remain motile after cryopreservation increases the likelihood of using a spermatozoon with well-condensed chromatin. Given the growing body of evidence to suggest http://www.selleckchem.com/products/z-vad-fmk.html that the degree of sperm chromatin condensation at the time of fertilization can influence early and late embryo development (Carrell and Hammoud, 2010), we further hypothesize that IMSI may improve pregnancy rates when frozen-thawed sperm are used in ART. However, given that ICSI with cryopreserved sperm already produces reasonably good outcomes, the potential superiority of IMSI over ICSI in this context will have to be evaluated into randomized, controlled trials. In conclusion, we consider that MSOME may be useful for evaluating frozen-thawed sperm before ART protocols.