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5 s, echo time TE?=?3.67 ms, 192 partition-encode steps, 256 phase-encode steps, 256 data points in the read direction, nominal flip angle?=?6��, total acquisition time?=?6 min 58 s) were used for the selection of the VOI. All first- and second-order shims were adjusted using FASTMAP with echo-planar imaging readout [16]. Spectra were acquired from the hypothalamus (13 �� 12 �� 10 mm3) and occipital cortex (22 �� 22 �� 22 mm3) with a short-echo stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) sequence (TE?=?8 ms, TR?=?5 s, mixing time TM?=?32 ms, in blocks of 128 transients) with variable power RF pulses with optimized relaxation delays water suppression and outer volume saturation [12, 17]. Symmetric http://www.selleckchem.com/products/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html sinc RF pulses (1.5 ms, 5.9 kHz bandwidth) were used for STEAM localization and required a peak B1 of 34 ��T, which was achieved with ?5.3 kW peak power (?330 W per channel) at the array head coil together with local B1+ shimming [12] in the hypothalamus (Fig. 2c). Unsuppressed water spectra acquired from the same VOI were used to remove residual eddy current effects and to reconstruct the phased array spectra obtained with the 16-channel coil [18]. Single-shot data were saved during acquisition. When the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of single-shot data was sufficient (i.e., in the occipital cortex), individual FIDs were frequency and phase corrected before summation. When the SNR was not sufficient (in the hypothalamus), data were first averaged over 16 scans, then corrected for frequency variations and summed. Localizer images were http://www.selleck.cn/products/BafilomycinA1.html repeated at the end of the scanning session to assess gross motion. Metabolites were quantified using LCModel [19]. The model spectra of alanine (Ala), aspartate (Asp), ascorbate/vitamin http://www.selleckchem.com/products/blz945.html C (Asc), glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine, creatine (Cr), phosphocreatine, GABA, glucose (Glc), glutamine (Gln), glutamate (Glu), glutathione, myo-inositol (myo-Ins), lactate (Lac), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), N-acetylaspartylglutamate, phosphoethanolamine, scyllo-inositol (scyllo-Ins), and taurine (Tau) were generated based on previously reported chemical shifts and coupling constants [20, 21]. Macromolecule spectra were acquired from the occipital cortex of five volunteers using an inversion recovery sequence (TR?=?2 s, TI?=?0.680 s) [22]. Concentrations were not corrected for T1 and T2 effects because long TR and ultra-short TE values were used. Metabolites quantified with Cram��r-Rao lower bounds (CRLB, estimated error of the metabolite quantification)?>?50% were classified as not detected, as recommended by the LCModel manual (http://sprovencher.com/) [23]. If the correlation between two metabolites was consistently high (correlation coefficient?