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In this study, we report on 2D:4D in amphibians and reptiles in order to advance our understanding of the phylogenetic patterning of 2D:4D in tetrapods. The species that we investigated expressed the sexual dimorphism (or a trend toward sexual dimorphism in the case of one lizard species). These results are consistent with previous amphibian and lizard 2D:4D studies (see Introduction; Chang, 2008 for review). Effect sizes ranged from 0.074 to 0.932. Most species had medium to large effect sizes when the sexual dimorphism was detected (amphibians: 0.618 https://www.selleckchem.com/products/carfilzomib-pr-171.html d = 0.02; Bailey et al., 2004), and A. carolinensis (not detected: 0.18 https://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd9291.html wild population have larger 2D:4D in both of the hindlimbs, and no sexual dimorphism was found in either of the forelimbs. These opposing findings might be attributed to the difference in methods. In the current study, we used software analysis of digital photos to measure digits. While this technique offers very precise measurements, one obvious source of error is the degree to which toes are straightened and flattened prior to being photographed, which is less consistent in the long-toed rear feet than in the short-toed front feet. In contrast, Chang (2008) used hand-held calipers, which lack precision in small digits, such as those of the front feet. It is extremely important to accurately measure digits and keep methods consistent when using small-sized living animals because measurement error can mask the presence of traits. The disparity between these two studies serves as a cautionary tale for choice https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YES1 of methods in future digit ratio studies. Other 2D:4D studies that have examined the same species twice have also found inconsistencies as to which limb expresses the sexual dimorphism. In laboratory mice, Brown et al. (2002) found the 2D:4D sexual dimorphism in the right hindlimb, Manning et al. (2003) found it in the left hindlimb, and Bailey et al. (2004) did not find the sexual dimorphism. Chang et al. (2006) reported 2D:4D in Anolis carolinensis for two populations and found the sexual dimorphism in the right hindlimb in both populations but only found it in the left forelimb in one population, while Lombardo and Thorpe (2008) did not find the sexual dimorphism in this species. Possible reasons for the observed variations could be differences in populations, observers, effective sample sizes, ages, and methods (Bailey et al., 2004; Chang et al.