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Husbands were asked for their cooperation through their wives. Replying to the questionnaire was understood as agreement to take part in this study. Survey data included questions about child-care values and demographic data using the Childcare Value Scale http://www.selleckchem.com/products/17-AAG(Geldanamycin).html (CVS), developed and examined for reliability and validity by Chen et?al.,16 and a demographic questionnaire. The CVS comprises 43 items and five subscales: Views about parental role, Positive impressions of child-care, Negative impressions of child-care, Need for support from others in the parents' environment and Parental views about their baby. Each item is scored using a four-point scale: 1?=?strongly disagree, 2?=?disagree, 3?=?somewhat agree and 4?=?strongly agree. The overall Cronbach's �� for the CVS is 0.79. Subscale �� coefficients are between 0.58 and 0.81. In addition, the scale has acceptable internal consistency.16 This scale, based on previous studies and discussions among researchers, was created to be used for parents in both China and Japan. The Chinese version is based on the Japanese version and considered valid based on discussions among five Chinese maternity nursing researchers/teachers.17 The Japanese version was translated into Chinese twice and was back-translated. The demographic data consisted of age, academic background, employment status, number of family members, experience with child-care and shared housekeeping and child-care among couples. The study proposal containing the purpose, outline and ethical considerations was sent to facilities with http://www.selleck.cn/products/VX-809.html a maternity ward in a metropolitan http://www.selleckchem.com/products/lgk-974.html area in Japan. The hospitalized postpartum mothers who were potential candidates and met the selection criteria were given an explanation of the study by one of the investigators or a nurse and were asked to participate by filling out the questionnaire. The husbands were asked to cooperate through the postpartum mothers. Wives and husbands were both instructed to separately fill out the questionnaire and return it by mail around the time of the wife's discharge. In China, data were collected with the cooperation of a hospital maternity ward located in Beijing under the direct control of the Chinese government. The nursing manager of the hospital gave approval for the study. One of the co-investigators of this study directly explained the document to postpartum mothers who met the selection criteria and agreed to participate. The husbands were asked for their cooperation through the postpartum mothers. Both wives and husbands were instructed to fill out the questionnaire separately, seal it in an envelope and put it in a box in the ward before discharge. Scored data were analyzed with the standard SPSS statistical software version 15.0 J for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The statistical significance level was set at P?