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Data were analysed as before, except that enclosure and enclosure?��?provenance were fitted as random effects in LMMs. Basic experimental http://www.selleck.cn/products/gdc-0068.html parameters are shown in Table?1, including the number of fish treated, the number recovered and their mean length at the beginning and end of the experiment. There were no differences between clipped and unclipped controls in either growth [clipped?=?3��2?��?0��73?mm (mean?��?SE), unclipped?=?3��0?��?0��28?mm, LMM, Wald F1,61?=?0��31, P?=?0��58, normal error distribution and identity link] or parasite abundance (clipped?=?2��4?��?0��72 diplostomula, unclipped?=?2��2?��?0��20 diplostomula, LMM, Wald F1,61?=?0��9, P?=?0��35, negative binomial error distribution and logarithm link function), and these fish were combined for subsequent analyses. A storm late in the experiment resulted in small holes in some enclosures, especially at Fairy Knoll, where it is likely that some fish escaped (Table?1). This made it impossible to analyse survival in the different treatments. Marine fish that had been reared in saltwater in the lab were longer than fresh-reared marines at the start of the enclosure experiment (t58?=?3��77, P? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Bortezomib.html found in six salt-reared fish from Fairy Knoll, but in none of the fresh-reared fish from Loch na Buaile (log-linear model, ?=?17��8, P? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/sch772984.html (��blackspot��), each infecting a single fish from Fairy Knoll. None of these parasites were found in fresh-reared fish. Diplostomum gasterostei Williams and Tylodelphys clavata von Nordmann were the commonest parasites of the fish reared in Loch na Buaile. These closely related trematode parasites are of a similar size and appearance and both infect the eyes (retina and humour) of sticklebacks. Larval stages of these species are difficult to separate in preserved material, and as a result we recorded them jointly as ��diplostomula��. Our data, and several surveys of wild caught sticklebacks dissected fresh, suggest that the majority of diplostomula from Loch na Buaile are D. gasterostei (A. D. C. MacColl, unpublished data). Diplostomula did not occur in salt-reared marine fish, and there were significant differences between rearing environments in both their prevalence (log-linear model, ?=?30��0, P?