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The second analysis performed was a two-factor anova of the distance disease spread per plot. Pre-planned contrasts were used to compare levels of the main effects �C PAV versus PAS and barley versus oat versus wheat. Of the 262 total plants sampled, 40 were found to be infected with PAV or PAS. Restriction fragment http://www.selleckchem.com/products/XL184.html analysis of the virus content in these plants revealed that 24 were infected with PAV, seven were infected with PAS, two were infected with both PAV and PAS and seven had no recoverable RNA. In Expt. 1, barley, oat and wheat plants were inoculated with PAV or PAS and harvested 21?dpi. The odds of disease (OR) were significantly greater for plants inoculated with eight aphids versus two aphids (OR?=?3��5, P?=?0��004; Table?1). There was no difference in the odds of disease among agricultural grasses, but the odds of disease decreased when inoculating the former versus Italian rye grass (OR?��?0��008, P? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-690550.html species infected (F?=?32��5, P? http://www.selleck.cn/products/MLN8237.html and a significant plant species by virus species interaction (F?=?3��71, P?=?0��03). The latter was due to the higher concentration of PAS in barley and oat and the higher concentration of PAV in wheat. In Expt. 3, infection status of oat inoculated by single aphids fed on PAV and PAS infected barley, oat and wheat was determined by ELISA at 14?dpi. The number of indicator plants that became infected was dependent on the virus species (F?=?13��5, P?=?0��007) in the source leaf but not the plant species (F?=?0��23, P?=?0��8). Across plant species 94% (��6) and 63% (��13) of plants became infected with PAV and PAS, respectively (Table?2). When virus antigen concentration in the source leaf was used as a covariate in the analysis it had no impact on effect of virus (F?=?0��02, P?=?0��9). This indicates that the greater transmission success of PAV was independent of virus concentration in the source leaf.