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The included articles contained information on at least one of the following outcomes of the interventions or compared issues: surgical outcome, peri- and postoperative morbidity and mortality of donors, and graft function and survival. Studies that were included had at least 20 patients http://www.selleck.cn/products/bmn-673.html in the intervention group, except for studies with the hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic technique, and robot technique. We included case series with more than 100 patients. We only included complete articles i.e. no abbreviated articles or abstracts. Studies in which patients received laparoscopic nephrectomy for any purpose other than live kidney donation were excluded. We found 169 studies, which are not all described because we took only those studies with best level of evidence for a comprehensive, and compact review. We summarize the best level of evidence for each surgical issue, using the scheme outlined below. Surgical techniques are described as used in our center, to give a global overview. Different incision techniques are used in different centers, even with studies comparing these different incision techniques; these are not described as such in this review. Levels of evidence: 1a ?Systematic review or meta-analysis with consistency (homogenous results) of the independent results Live kidney donation is justified only if the harm to the donor is limited and the potential benefit to the recipient is major. Minimization of risk for the immediate and the long-term health-related adverse consequences to the http://www.selleckchem.com/products/PD-0332991.html donor is therefore essential. The Amsterdam Forum has established guidelines for the (relative) contra-indications to live kidney donation: donors must have sufficient renal function (glomerular filtration rate more than 80?ml/min), no hypertension ( http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Everolimus(RAD001).html have certain standard tests performed. These include blood and urine screening tests, chest X-rays, electrocardiogram, radiographic assessment of the kidneys and vessels via renal ultrasound, psychological evaluation, and age- and family history�Cappropriate additional cardiac testing. With the donor placed in a lateral decubitus position, lumbotomy is performed in the eleventh intercostal space or below the 12th rib. Sometimes a rib resection is necessary. Muscles are transected. A mechanical retractor is installed, and the retroperitoneal space is opened. The kidney is dissected and arterial and venous structures are identified. After dissection, the ureter is divided and sutured distally. Thereafter, the kidney is extracted, flushed and stored on ice.