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Perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis varied between centers and type of solid organ transplantation. Seronegative cytomegalovirus (CMV) recipients from a seropositive donor and all lung transplant recipients were administered prophylaxis with either iv ganciclovir or po valganciclovir for at least http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Everolimus(RAD001).html 3?months. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of all the participating hospitals. All patients gave written informed consent for participation in the study. A CDAD case was established when a patient had diarrhea and positive enzyme immunoassay testing for CD toxins A and B in stool specimens. No screening of stool for CD carriage was carried out prior to transplantation. Patients with confirmed CDAD were compared with those without to identify risk factors for the development of CDAD. Clostridium difficile toxin A and B detection was performed with a rapid enzyme immunoassay (Premier Toxins A & B; Meridian Diagnostics Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA). Testing for the hypervirulent CD strain, NAP1/BI/027, was not being performed during the study period. Categorical variables are expressed as percentages, and numerical data as the mean?��?SD for variables with a normal distribution or the median and IQR for those with a skewed distribution. Categorical variables were compared with the chi-squared test or Fisher exact test http://www.selleckchem.com/products/PD-0332991.html and continuous variables with the Student t-test. All statistical tests were two-tailed, and the threshold of statistical significance was P? http://www.selleck.cn/products/bmn-673.html the incidence of CDAD in SOT patients, day 0 corresponded to the date when SOT was performed. Patients were observed until they developed CDAD, death occurred, or the follow-up period ended. Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using Cox regression analysis to identify risk factors. Variables showing statistically significant differences between patients with or without CDAD in the univariate analysis were then tested in multivariate models. Models were performed in a sequential fashion beginning with the variable most strongly associated with CDAD and continuing until no other variable reach significance or changed the HRs of variables already in the model. In addition, clinically relevant factors with P-values