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Successful whole-cell recordings of SD required electrodes with relatively large tip diameters (>3 ��m) and initial http://www.selleckchem.com/products/i-bet-762.html series resistances less than 20 M��, as determined by the membrane test in Clampex (Molecular Devices). SD involves tissue swelling, and therefore continuous fine adjustment of electrode position was needed throughout the whole-cell recordings. On the criteria described above, we obtained an overall success rate ?50% for these whole-cell studies. Extracellular potential changes during SD in our submerged slices (5�C10 mV) were substantially smaller compared with previous reports from recordings from interface chambers, and were highly sensitive to the depth of electrodes. Thus, we did not apply any voltage correction to our recordings (whole-cell current and membrane potential), and acknowledge that cellular responses may be underestimated (Somjen, 2001). In addition, some voltage error also occurs during the large SD current (Hamann et al. 2002), and complicates absolute measurements of whole-cell currents. However, interpretation of the present data does not rely on absolute current and voltage changes, and series resistance and cellular capacitance measurements were similar between neurons throughout the study. For these reasons we did not apply any arithmetic corrections of data, and possible confounds are discussed in the appropriate Results section. All chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA) unless otherwise noted. dl-AP5 was prepared as a 10 mm stock http://www.selleckchem.com/products/epacadostat-incb024360.html in water and stored at ?20��C and used within 1 week of preparation. Unless otherwise http://www.selleck.cn/products/lee011.html described, statistical analyses were made with Mann�CWhitney U tests for two-group comparisons and Kruskal�CWallis tests with post hoc Dunn's multiple comparison test for additional group comparisons using GraphPad Prism version 4.03 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA) software. On bar graphs, individual data points are indicated by dots, together with mean �� SEM values. In experiments with repetitive measurements, data points from the same preparations are connected with dashed lines. A P value