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It is also possible that variation in fruit morphology could have a significant effect on the shape of an individual��s seed dispersal kernel. A seed dispersal kernel is the probability density function of seed dispersal distances and can be used to describe the probability of a dispersing seed landing a given distance away from a maternal parent. Intraindividual variation http://www.selleck.cn/products/PD-98059.html in fruit morphology could increase variance in the dispersal distances of seeds produced by a single individual, or the dispersal kernel, thus increasing the range of microenvironments encountered by progeny in a heterogeneous habitat. If microenvironmental quality is variable within a habitat, a broader dispersal kernel (greater variance in dispersal distance) could increase the probability of encountering a high-quality microsite. Many studies have documented the effects of dispersal distance on progeny fitness (for examples, see Augspurger 1983; Schmitt & Gamble 1990; Donohue 1997; Soons & Heil 2002; Montesinos, Garcia-Fayos & Mateu 2006); however, tests of maternal environmental effects on mean seed dispersal distances are rare (except see Donohue 1999). To our knowledge, no previous work has examined the potential effect of maternal environment on http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Rapamycin.html both mean dispersal distance and the breadth of seed dispersal kernels. Erodium cicutarium, an invasive annual forb, became established in California in the early 1700s and is one of the first three recorded non-native species in California (Fig?1, Mensing & Byrne 1998). The relatively long time-scale since invasion and http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Everolimus(RAD001).html the broad distribution of E.?cicutarium across a heterogeneous serpentine mosaic landscape at the University of California (UC) Donald and Sylvia McLaughlin Reserve in Northern California provides an ideal study system to test for maternal environmental effects on dispersal distance. Baythavong, Stanton and Rice (2009) demonstrated that offspring fitness within this serpentine mosaic landscape is consistently greater within 0��5?m of maternal home sites on serpentine patches than in microsites 10?m away, and offspring fitness tends to decline across generations at a maternal home site. Although E.?cicutarium arrived in California