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Food was withheld at least four hours prior to treatment and was made available again after recovery. Water was available ad libitum prior to treatment and after recovery. All horses were sedated with 10?��g kg?1 detomidine hydrochloride (Domosedan; Pfizer Ltd, UK) given by slow intravenous (IV) injection 3�C5?minutes before administration of the test/control substance (BorG): either 5?��g?1 buprenorphine (Vetergesic Multidose; Alstoe Ltd, UK) (group B) or an equivalent volume (0.8?mL 50?kg?1) of 5% glucose solution (Baxter Healthcare Ltd, UK) (group C). If, 10?minutes after administration of the BorG, sedation was judged inadequate http://www.selleck.cn/products/AP24534.html to carry out the procedure, then the doses of detomidine and BorG were repeated at the same time interval. If, 10?minutes after administration of the second doses, sedation was judged still to be inadequate to carry out the procedure, rescue sedation was implemented. If rescue sedation was required, this was recorded, and the horse withdrawn from further participation in the study. The identity of the BorG was revealed, and further sedation at the discretion of the veterinarian responsible for the case was given. At each clinic, the identity of the BorG injection was withheld from the assessor by using a dispenser, who drew up the appropriate BorG solution into an unidentified syringe for IV administration. The assessor undertook all the assessments without knowing the identity of the BorG solution administered. Buprenorphine and glucose solutions were clear and colourless, administered on the basis http://www.selleckchem.com/products/jq1.html of 0.8?mL 50?kg?1, making http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Rapamycin.html it impossible to distinguish visually between them. The depth of sedation and degree of ataxia were assessed using simple descriptive scales (SDS, Table?1) prior to and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120?minutes after the injection of BorG. Heart and respiratory rates were also recorded at the same time points. The primary outcome measure was overall success of the procedure assessed on a scale of 1�C4 (score 1�C2?=?success, score 3�C4?=?unsuccessful) (Table?1). The null hypothesis was that there would be no statistical difference in primary outcome measure between the groups indicating that buprenorphine did not confer additional sedative effect over that of detomidine alone. Power calculations (GraphPad StatMate; GraphPad Software Inc) were based on data describing sedation of horses using butorphanol and detomidine (Taylor et?al. 1988) and in donkeys comparing detomidine with detomidine/butorphanol (Joubert et?al. 1999) and expecting buprenorphine and detomidine to provide a similar effect (Love et?al. 2011a,b). A sample size of 50 in each group gave 80% power to detect a 20% difference in the proportion of cases in groups B and C scored as successful or unsuccessful, with p?