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[28, 29] This method has been found to have high validity.[30] Blind duplicates from 26 randomly selected women showed excellent correlations for all biomarkers (r?=?0.87�C0.99, p? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/cb-5083.html stadiometer) squared. Vital signs were obtained using a digital ear thermometer (Omron, Lake Forest, IL, USA, MC-514) and automatic blood pressure monitor (Omron HEM-780). Physical function evaluation utilized the short physical performance battery (SPPB) developed by Guralnik and colleagues, which included grip strength (measured by Preston Grip or TEC dynamometer), gait speed, single and multiple chair stands, and tandem stands.[31] BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic QDR 4500W, Bedford, MA, USA) http://www.selleck.cn/products/PD-0332991.html for the hip and whole body. Self-reported functional status was obtained by in-clinic interview. Participants were asked to bring into the clinic all their prescription and over-the-counter medications for review by study staff. Information on medical history, lifestyle, and tobacco use was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. The Stratec Three XCT-2000 pQCT (Stratec Medizintechnik, Pforzheim, Germany) was used to perform scans on different sites: 4% (T4%), 33% (T33%), and 66% (T66%) of the total length of the tibia. Phantom scans were performed on a daily basis as a quality-control measure. Trained technicians followed http://www.selleckchem.com/products/a-1155463.html a standardized protocol for scanning, using anatomical landmarks to optimize patient positioning in the machine. Tibia length was measured from medial malleolus to medial epicondyle. Scans at 4% of tibial site represent predominantly trabecular bone, whereas scans at the 33% and 66% sites consisted mainly of cortical bone. A single axial slice of 2.5?mm thickness with a voxel size of 0.5?mm and a speed of 20?mm/second was taken. Image processing was performed by a single investigator using the Stratec software package (version 5.5E). Of 36 available pQCT parameters, we analyzed three that reflect bone density and size as well as five strength parameters shown to be predictive of fracture risk.[19] All scanning sites were measured for total volumetric bone mineral density (mg/cm3). At T33% and T66%, size parameters of cortical area (mm2) and thickness (mm) were measured, in addition to strength parameters such as cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI, mm4), polar moment of inertia (PMI, mm4), section modulus (SM, mm3), and polar (SSIp) and axial (SSIx) stress strain indices. Formulas for calculating CSMI, SM, and SSI have been described in a previous publication.[32] CSMI and PMI reflect estimations of bone resistance to bending and torsion.