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Plant species turnover is very high among the different dune systems, with Fabaceae (e.g. Acacia spp.) and Myrtaceae (e.g. Melaleuca spp.) common on younger dunes, and Proteaceae (e.g. Banksia spp.) on older dunes (Griffin & Hopkins 1990). Below we describe the geology and soils of the three main dune systems that are recognized along the Jurien Bay chronosequence (Fig.?1). The Quindalup dunes are the youngest dunes of the sequence and are largely associated with the Holocene transgression ( http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pd-0332991-palbociclib-isethionate.html and Fig.?S1). McArthur (2004) sub-divided dune development http://www.selleck.cn/products/ve-822.html into four distinct phases (Fig.?1) based on relief and soil development (organic matter penetration, i.e. depth of horizon A), with Q4 being the youngest (little to no organic staining) and Q1 the oldest (depth of A horizon?=?50?cm). Due to their young age, carbonate dissolution is generally limited and the dune substrates typically lack karst attributes. Because of their relatively high carbonate content (c.?30�C50% in horizons A�CC; McArthur 2004), the sands are alkaline. The Spearwood dunes, inland from the younger Quindalup dunes, were formed in the middle to late Pleistocene (Kendrick, Wyrwoll & Szabo 1991). Bastian (1996) proposed that the Spearwood dunes can be divided into six dune sub-systems (Fig.?1) based on relief and associated heavy mineral assemblages. It is well known that the dune system increases in age to the east, with electron-spin resonance and amino-acid racemization techniques (Hewgill et?al. 1983; Murray-Wallace & Kimber 1989) supporting Bastian��s (1996) claims http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Trichostatin-A.html and demonstrating defined marine/dune associations extending into the middle Pleistocene. More recently, Hearty & O��Leary (2008) used amino-acid racemization techniques and reiterated that the Spearwood dunes increase in age eastward, and suggested ages of marine isotope stage (MIS) 5?e (c.?125?ka) up to MIS 13 (500?ka). In assessing the validity of these dates, the problems inherent in amino-acid techniques need to be borne in mind. Given the (paleo)climate setting and age of these sequences, foremost among these problems is the role of temperature changes in determining racemization reaction rates (Wehmiller & Miller 2000). The Spearwood dunes consist of a calcarenite core (the Tamala Limestone) with calcretes and associated karst weathering profiles in the upper parts that are overlain by a variable thickness of siliciclastic sand (Tapsell, Newsome & Bastian 2003; McArthur 2004). The carbonate content of the Spearwood calcarenites ranges from 30% to 80% (60�C70% on average; Bastian 1996), although some authors report higher values (85% on average; Hearty & O��Leary 2010).