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Two investigators (JC, NH) independently identified 18 eligible papers. Inter-examiner agreement on study eligibility was high (��?=?0.879; p? http://www.selleckchem.com/screening/tyrosine-kinase-inhibitor-library.html be resolved by discussion. Eligible studies were methodologically assessed by the same investigators with high agreement (��?=?0.788; p? http://www.selleckchem.com/GSK-3.html et?al. 2009, Tortamano et?al. 2010, Cosyn et?al. 2011, Pieri et?al. 2011, Raes et?al. 2011). The papers by Kan et?al. (2003, 2011) related to the same study sample with different follow-up. The same applied to the studies by De Rouck et?al. (2008) and Cosyn et?al. (2011). Nine studies were case series (Kan et?al. 2003, 2011, Canullo & Rasperini 2007, De Rouck et?al. 2008, Lops et?al. 2008, Romeo et?al. 2008, Tortamano et?al. 2010, Cosyn et?al. 2011, Raes et?al. 2011) and four were RCTs (Canullo et?al. 2009, Cordaro et?al. 2009, De Rouck et?al. 2009, Pieri et?al. 2011). Only Canullo & Rasperini (2007) did not provide information on the reasons for tooth loss. Cases where the tooth had been extracted because of advanced periodontal disease were specifically excluded in the study by Lops et?al. (2008), Romeo et?al. (2008) and Tortamano et?al. (2010). All studies related to maxillary implants. Three studies related to maxillary as well as mandibular implants (Lops et?al. 2008, Romeo et?al. 2008, Cordaro et?al. 2009). Pieri et?al. (2011) only included premolar replacements in the upper jaw. Altogether data pertaining to six different implant systems were available. The most frequently used system was Replace Select? by Nobel Biocare (G?teborg, Sweden) (Kan et?al. 2003, 2011, De Rouck et?al. 2008, 2009, Cosyn et?al. 2011). In all but two studies (Tortamano et?al. 2010, Pieri et?al. 2011) information on the gingival biotype was provided. In all papers surgical (flap/flapless surgery, socket http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAV2 grafting) and restorative procedures (immediate implant crown) were described. Only in two studies the frequency of advanced inter-proximal recession was reported (Canullo et?al. 2009, Cosyn et?al. 2011) (Table?3). For mesial and distal papillae this occurred in 0�C18%, 0�C27% respectively, of the cases. Mean inter-proximal recession was frequently reported (11/13) and was low in all studies (