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Because AD tends to increase as MRS increases, the fastest species in our sample (i.e., artiodactyls, canids, felids, and Crocuta) also have the largest eyes, while slower species (mainly rodents and marsupials) tend to have substantially smaller eyes (Fig. 1, Table 1). Figure 2 shows the effect of body mass on AD. As in Fig. 1, both the OLS and PGLS regressions are highly significant (P http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adriamycin.html to increase as body mass increases, the smallest-bodied species in this analysis (rodents) also have the smallest eyes. Similarly, large-bodied species (including artiodactyls, perissodactyls, proboscideans, and some carnivorans) also have the largest eyes in our sample (Fig. 2, Table 1). Figure 3 shows the effect of body mass on MRS. In this case, the OLS regression is significant, suggesting that (across clades) body mass alone explains about 44% of the total variance in MRS (Table 2). By contrast, the PGLS regression is not significant, indicating that the significant OLS result does not exist independent of phylogenetic influences. Indeed, in all PGLS regressions (Table 2), Pagel's �� is equal to 1.0, indicating https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamorphone that there is a large phylogenetic influence on character state distributions and that the evolution of all traits is consistent with a Brownian Motion model of evolution. OLS and PGLS multiple regression models confirm that both body mass and MRS have a significant effect on AD (Table 2). The OLS multiple regression of AD on body mass and MRS has a higher r2 value (0.89) than any bivariate OLS regression, with body mass explaining a larger proportion of the variance in AD (partial r2 = 0.58) than does MRS (partial r2 = 0.31). Similarly, the PGLS multiple regression of AD on body mass and MRS has a lower AIC value (?77.4) than any bivariate PGLS regression, indicating that the multiple regression model is a better http://www.selleckchem.com/products/LBH-589.html fit for the data (Table 2). These multiple regression models demonstrate that the effect of MRS on AD is independent of both body mass and phylogeny. This result is also evident in Fig. 4, which presents the PGLS partial regression of residual AD on residual MRS (slope = 0.259, y-intercept = 0.000, �� = 1.0, P