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A CEST spectrum is obtained by iterating the saturation frequency and recording the normalized water signal amplitude [29]. Because the average chemical exchange rates of some labile protons are pH-dependent, and because CEST effects from two labile protons can be selectively detected, a ratio of two CEST effects from the same agent can be used to measure pH in a manner that is independent of concentration, endogenous T1 relaxation time, and incomplete saturation [30, 31]. As an example, iopamidol (Isovue?, Bracco Imaging S.p.A.) is a clinically approved CT contrast agent that has been used to measure pHe within in vivo kidney http://www.selleckchem.com/products/MG132.html tissue [32]. We have investigated the use of in vivo CEST MRI for measuring tumor acidosis, which we term ��acidoCEST MRI.�� We have previously developed in vivo CEST-FISP MRI acquisition protocols that rapidly detect in vivo CEST effects, which is critical for tracking exogenous contrast agents within in vivo tissues [33]. We have developed Lorentzian line shape fitting methods that improve in vivo CEST measurements [34]. We sought to optimize our past technological developments to create the acidoCEST MRI protocol. We investigated the use of iopromide (Ultravist?, Bayer Healthcare, Inc.), which is similar to iopamidol. We have especially focused on the optimization of delivery of iopromide to tumor tissue, to create a method that can noninvasively measure tumor pHe. To investigate the practical utility of acidoCEST MRI, we investigated whether this method could identify acidic tumors relative http://www.selleckchem.com/products/epacadostat-incb024360.html to pH-neutral tumors, and monitor the effect of bicarbonate alkalinization treatment. Chemical samples were prepared using clinical-grade iopromide at 788 mM concentration (300 mg iodine /mL Ultravist?, Bayer Healthcare, Inc.). The iopromide was diluted with distilled http://www.selleck.cn/products/pfi-2.html water to concentrations ranging from 12.5 mM to 400 mM, and the pH was adjusted to values between 6.30 and 7.30 using 5 M hydrochloric acid. The addition of