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S. acanthias lack a subterminal notch, margin, and hypaxial web on their tail (Thomson and Simanek,1977; Compagno et al.,2005), so the Upper Postventral Caudal margin (UPCM) was measured from the fork of the tail to the tip of the dorsal lobe (Fig 1). Additionally, shark collection site, date, and interesting body markings were noted for each specimen. An Olympus 5.0 megapixel digital camera was used to take pictures of each tail with the tips of the tail facing left. The camera was fully zoomed out for each tail picture to standardize the focal length. The tails were flattened and centered under a glass plate to prevent the tail from laterally curling into a nonparallel plane during photography. http://www.selleckchem.com/products/DMXAA(ASA404).html Five major landmarks were digitized on each tail based on the points of the linear measurements in the thin-plate splines (TPS) program suite (see below). Semilandmarks were also digitized to track the tail outline (See Fig. 1 and below). Most statistical analyses of the linear data reported here were performed using the SPSS software package (SPSS 2005) and the freeware RMA (reduced major axis) program by Bohonak (2004). Data were log10-transformed prior to analysis to normalize their distributions (Zar,1999). Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests of normality showed that the linear variables were not normally distributed (P http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Temsirolimus.html are nonnormal, nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests were used to search for significant differences in tail dimensions between the sexes. Mann-Whitney U tests were also used to test for differences between the two preservation ��populations. Tail dimensions were regressed against three standard measures of body length and caudal span to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%CE%BAB%CE%B1 assess caudal fin allometry. As these data are correlated (i.e., the tail is part of the shark), they from a nonnormal distribution, and cannot be measured without an error, therefore, RMA analyses were preferred over ordinary least-squares approaches for linear regression (Sokal and Rohlf,1981; Bohonak,2004). For regression analyses of tail dimensions against body size, bivariate relationships were identified as allometric if the 95% confidence interval of the RMA slope (Leduc,1987) did not include 1. To increase our confidence in the RMA regression results and insure that the nonnormal sample did not adversely affect our data, 1,000 bootstrap replicates were run for each analysis. Several statistical techniques known collectively as geometric morphometrics analyze shape-related changes in anatomy among a given set of bones, fins, etc. (see Zelditch et al.,2004; and Slice,2005). Many geometric morphometric techniques examine differences in coordinate distances between homologous sets of landmarks among a sample of specimens (Zelditch et al.,2004; Slice,2005).