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Virtual emitter particles, released from the mitral valve plane every time frame during rapid filling, are tracked to depict the 2D pathlines on the imaged plane. The pathline regional distribution is compared with myocardial longitudinal strains and to regional pressure gradients. Quantitative analysis of net kinetic energy of pathlines is finally performed. Our results demonstrate a linear correlation (r2 = 0.85) between pathline spatial distribution and myocardial strain. Peak net kinetic energy of 0.06 �� 0.01 mJ in normal volunteers, 0.043 mJ in baseline dog, 0.143 �� 0.03 mJ in infarcted dogs with nominal flow dysfunction, and 0.016 �� 0.007 mJ in infarcted dogs with severe flow dysfunction is observed. In http://www.selleckchem.com/products/nutlin-3a.html conclusion, 2D pathline analysis provides a direct regional assessment of early diastolic filling patterns and is sensitive to abnormalities in early diastolic filling. Magn Reson Med 70:766�C775, 2013. ? 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ""The purpose of this study was to establish a normal range for the arterial arrival time (AAT) in whole-brain pulsed arterial spin labeling (PASL) cerebral perfusion MRI. Healthy volunteers (N = 36, range: 20 to 35 years) provided informed consent to participate in this study. AAT was assessed in multiple brain regions, using three-dimensional gradient and spin echo (GRASE) pulsed arterial spin http://www.selleck.cn/products/Romidepsin-FK228.html labeling at 3.0 T, and found to be 641 �� 95, 804 �� 91, 802 �� 126, and 935 �� 108 ms in the temporal, parietal, frontal, and occipital lobes, respectively. Mean gray matter AAT was found to be 694 �� 89 ms for females (N = 15), which was significantly shorter than for men, 814 �� 192 ms (N = 21; P http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AC-220.html cerebral blood flow from ASL data, as well as for clinical comparisons where disease pathology may lead to altered AAT. Pulsed arterial spin labeling signals were simulated using an identical sampling scheme as the empiric study and revealed AAT can be estimated robustly when simulated arrival times are well beyond the normal range. Magn Reson Med, 2010. ? 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. ""Measuring signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for parallel MRI reconstructions is difficult due to spatially dependent noise amplification. Existing approaches for measuring parallel MRI SNR are limited because they are not applicable to all reconstructions, require significant computation time, or rely on repeated image acquisitions.