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Controls were identified through random-digit dialing and from random selections from the rosters http://www.selleckchem.com/products/a-1155463.html of beneficiaries of the Health Care Financing Administration at the Northern California site and by a standard neighborhood walk algorithm15 at the Southern California site. Controls were frequency matched to cases on self-reported race/ethnicity and expected 5-year age distributions. Two hundred fifty controls (including 162 from Southern California and 88 from Northern California) completed the interview and 245 provided a biospecimen. The study was approved by the institutional review boards of the Cancer Prevention Institute of California (formerly the Northern California Cancer Center) and the University of Southern California. Written informed consent was obtained for all study participants. Trained interviewers conducted in-person interviews and administered a structured questionnaire that asked about demographic background, lifestyle factors (physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking), body size, use of supplements containing calcium, family history of prostate cancer in first-degree relatives, medical history, and screening for prostate cancer. A 74-item food frequency questionnaire adapted from Block's Health History and Habits Questionnaire16 assessed usual dietary intake during the reference year, defined as the calendar year before diagnosis for cases and the year before selection into the study for controls. The interviewers also took three measurements of standing height http://www.selleck.cn/products/PD-0332991.html and weight, which were averaged. Calcium intake was assessed http://www.selleckchem.com/products/cb-5083.html from single calcium tablets, multivitamin pills, and calcium-based antacids, such as Tums, Rolaids, Alka-Mints, or Chooz Antacid gum. Data were collected on age at first use, frequency of use, and duration of use. Dietary questionnaires from subjects reporting total energy intake greater than 6000 or less than 600 kilocalories per day (33 cases and 10 controls) were considered to be unreliable and were excluded from the analysis, leaving 500 cases and 240 controls with dietary information. We derived two measures of calcium exposure, including total calcium from foods, beverages, and supplements, and dietary calcium from foods and beverages only. Cut points were selected based on the calcium intake of controls. Calcium supplementation was divided into dichotomous categories reflecting usual daily calcium contained in multivitamins (400?mg/day) versus less than 400?mg/day. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as reported weight in the reference year (in kilograms) divided by measured height squared (in meters [m]) and dichotomized as obese (BMI?��?30) and nonobese (BMI?