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Differences were not significant between Bolivians and Surui (Brazil) or Mayas (Mexico). The fact that some of these populations presented very low sample sizes, especially Piapoco-Curripaco and Surui, should be taken into account. The comparison based on rs11568822 (APOC1) in seven South American samples, showed a high among-population differentiation (Fst = 0.45, P http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adriamycin.html ranging from 0.51 to 1 (Fig. 4). On the contrary, the absence of APOE?2 is a common feature among South American populations, present at very low frequencies (from 0.01 to 0.05) only in eight out of the 39 samples. On the other hand, there is high variation in the frequency of APOE?4 (from 0 to 0.47). Considering the 39 South American samples, APOE isoform variation between populations was significant (Fst = 0.07, P http://www.selleckchem.com/products/obeticholic-acid.html Baniwa, Coreguaje, and Nukak). No structure was revealed by the hierarchical AMOVA in South America (Fst = 0.083, Fsc = 0.059, Fct = 0.025; P http://www.selleck.cn/products/sch772984.html American samples. The two Bolivian samples presented one of the highest frequencies of the ?3/�C haplotype (?95%), right after Xavante. It is important to note that the second most frequent haplotype in the Aymaras was ?4/+, whereas in Quechuas it was ?4/�C. This work studies the variability of the genomic region encompassing the APOE/C1/C4/C2 gene cluster in two Andean populations from Bolivia. As such, it provides novel data on the genetic characterisation of Native American populations. The 25 analysed markers constitute the first data not only on Andean samples, but also, for most markers, on Native Americans in general, let alone the first data for 9 out of the 10 STRs examined in this genomic region. In general, our results revealed low genetic variation in the Andean samples for both sets of markers as well as for the APOE isoforms.