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Pretreatment of COM crystals with Sanshishi and Takusha at final concentrations of 10?��g/mL showed anti-adhesion activities of 86.4?��?13.4% and 64.0?��?3.8%, respectively, which were comparable to the aforementioned results. However, pretreatment of MDCK cells with these Kampo extracts at same the concentrations showed only marginal activities (Fig.?6). Rats receiving oral administration of Sanshishi at 10 or 20?mg/body/day did not show significant differences in renal calcium contents compared with http://www.selleck.cn/products/CAL-101.html control rats. However, rats receiving 50?mg/body/day Sanshishi showed significantly lower renal calcium contents compared with control rats (190?��?95.1?��g/g tissue vs 687?��?281.1?��g/g tissue, P? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/bay-57-1293.html in preventing calcium oxalate stone formation.[7] They first screened 16 Kampo extracts in?vitro and found that Takusha and Kagosou had strong inhibitory activities on the growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals. However, in a rat model of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis, stone prophylactic activity was noted only in Takusha. Furthermore, they also found that Chorei-to, a Kampo preparation containing equal amounts of five crude extracts http://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk2126458.html including Takusha, had a significant stone prophylactic activity in rats at a dose corresponding to the human daily dose per unit of bodyweight.[7] In the present study, 14 kinds of Kampo extracts were examined as to whether they could inhibit two critical steps in the early process of stone formation, namely crystal aggregation and crystal adherence to the tubular cells. Although only Kasseki showed a slight enhancement of adhesion to MDCE cells, most of these Kampo extracts showed a more or less inhibitory effect for aggregation and adhesion to MDCK cells, as shown in Figures?1 and 2. Among them, Takusha was found to have a considerable inhibitory activity on crystal aggregation, as reported previously from the Osaka University group, using a different technique to measure the crystal aggregation.[7] Interestingly, Sanshishi, which has not been examined so far, presented the strongest inhibitory activity on crystal aggregation. Furthermore, the present study examined for the first time whether Kampo medicine can inhibit crystal adherence to the tubular cells.