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In the second comparison, hearing threshold shifts in the injected ear were determined by calculating the difference between presurgery levels in this ear and the levels observed 4 weeks postsurgery (Tables 1, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/BI-2536.html 2). Threshold shifts in the Transplant and Sham cohorts were then compared (Fig. 3C). This analysis revealed that the ABR threshold shift between presurgery and postsurgery levels in the injected ear of mice in the Transplant cohort (10.7 �� 3.4 dB SPL) was significantly less in mice of the Sham cohort (25.4 �� 3.5 dB SPL) in response to click stimuli (p http://www.selleck.cn/products/gsk126.html stem cells on cochlear transplantation, cells were injected into the cochleae of immunosuppressed mice and tracked using Vybrant CM-DiI labeling. Examination of the distribution of olfactory stem cells within the cochlea immediately after transplantation showed that they occurred in clusters within both the scala vestibuli and scala tympani (Fig. 4). A comparable distribution of stem cells within the cochlea was also observed 1�C2 weeks after the transplantation surgery (Fig. 4C, 4D). In addition, small numbers of cells were observed within the scala media of a limited number of animals (data not shown). Integration into metabolic (lateral wall) or sensory (organ of Corti and spiral ganglia) cochlear tissues was not observed. Evidence of tumor or teratoma formation was also not observed, consistent with previous transplantation studies with adult olfactory stem cells [23]. Together, these results indicate that http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Cyclopamine.html the cochleostomy site used in this study delivers human olfactory stem cells primarily to the scala vestibuli and scala tympani of the mouse cochlea, and that these stem cells survive within the cochlea for at least 2 weeks following transplantation. A recent study has provided evidence that drug therapy can preserve auditory function in animal models of early-onset sensorineural hearing loss [35]. Here, we examine the effects of adult human olfactory stem cell transplantation on hearing levels in A/J mice exhibiting well-characterized early-onset sensorineural hearing loss. Multipotent olfactory stem cells were injected into the cochleae of A/J mice at P28�CP37, the time point at which elevations in hearing thresholds in these mice are first apparent [9]. Cell tracking studies indicated that transplanted stem cells are distributed primarily within the scala vestibuli and scala tympani, and survive for at least 2 weeks following transplantation. Examination of ABR (hearing) thresholds 4 weeks after surgery demonstrated that hearing threshold levels in transplanted cochlea were significantly lower than in the cochleae of mice that received a sham injection of vehicle solution.