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This phenomenon is automatically detected before the processing. Consequently, the ASF step is skipped and the smoothness parameter �� is tuned down to 0.3 without user intervention. This automatic parameter tuning is necessary to avoid oversmoothing the initial field map. The IDEAL iterative process has been implemented as described in Reeder et al [10] and the T2* decay was integrated in the estimation process as proposed in Yu et al [28]. The original version of IDEAL sets the initial field map estimate of the iterative process to zero in all voxels. In the proposed approach, the estimate produced by the labeling stage is used as the initial field map. The stopping criterion for the IDEAL iterative process is set to? http://www.selleck.cn/products/U0126.html Its effect http://www.selleckchem.com/products/INCB18424.html was considered in the labeling stage to provide a more robust estimation of the field map; however, an initial T2* map was not carried out in the first stage. All the reconstructions were processed on a dual core Intel-Xeon PC @ 2.4 GHz and 24 GB of RAM. The Potts labeling stage was accelerated on a graphics processing unit (GPU) NVIDIA Quadro 600 with 96 CUDA cores and 1GB of memory. Comparisons with the graph-cut were performed using the implementation provided in the Fat-Water toolbox with its default set of parameters. For the FLAME technique, the online GE reconstruction was used. The Max-IDEAL approach was tested on a total of 168 2D slices from the acquired cardiac and abdominal data mentioned above. Of all 168 images used in this study, adjustment of the smoothness parameter was required in 1 cardiac case and 1 abdominal case, where �� was set to 1 and 0.3, respectively. Among the cardiac datasets, a single case of failure demonstrated water/fat swaps http://www.selleckchem.com/products/PLX-4032.html that hinder the clinical interpretation of the underlying anatomy. Water/fat separation was successfully achieved in all abdominal examples. All the datasets were processed with the T2* estimation integrated in the estimation process and the R2* map was simultaneously obtained in all cases. The average processing time for the whole approach (including T2* estimation) was ?14 s. Figure 3 shows the reconstruction of a cardiac 4-chamber view. As shown in Figure 3a, the output of the labeling stage can successfully handle the variations of B0 magnetic field by mapping each region to an approximate frequency offset. Another example of a two-chamber cardiac slice is shown in Figure 4a�Cd, where the fat fraction map (fat/(fat+water)) as well as the R2* map are shown. The abdominal data consist of 116 slices from 3D datasets of two NAFLD patients and 20 slices from two healthy volunteers. An example for a successful separation from a NAFLD patient with iron overload is shown in Figure 4e�Ch.