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Nowadays, it usually follows treatment for prostate cancer and is more common because radical prostatectomy is much more common, the increased use of a minimally invasive approach, multimodality treatment; and because of the increased use of salvage treatment in selected cases. Radiotherapy induced URF are usually complex because they have to be approached differently and usually repaired with interposition flap to support the graft and separate the rectal suture line. However, URF after radical prostatectomy may be successfully treated with different techniques. The type of repair must be based on surgeon experience using the most successful technique with lest morbidity. We still think that http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Rapamycin.html the York Mason approach represent a good option for the treatment of URF. ""Sir, We read with great interest the article by El-Nahas et?al. [1] on the comparative study of flexible ureterorenoscopy (F-URS) and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) for the treatment of medium-sized (1�C2?cm) http://www.selleck.cn/products/PD-98059.html lower pole renal stones. In the article, the authors matched the groups according to stone length, side of the affected kidney and patient gender. They concluded the significant advantages of the F-URS procedure for higher stone-free rate and lower re-treatment rate compared with ESWL. These techniques are attractive treatment options for small-to-moderate size renal calculi owing to their effective and minimally invasive nature but unfavourable lower calyceal anatomy can be a restrictive factor for these approaches. However, in the present study the effect of lower pole spatial anatomical measures, such as the infundibular width (IW), infundibular length (IL), lower http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Everolimus(RAD001).html pole infundibulopelvic angle (IPA), and pelvi-calyceal height (PCH) were not evaluated. We think these factors very important to select patients who will benefit from ESWL or F-URS. The European Association of Urology 2012 guidelines for the treatment of lower pole stones of >1.5?cm recommend F-URS and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) as the first-line therapy, because the stone-free rate after ESWL seems to be lower for stones in the inferior calyx than for other intrarenal locations [2]. If there are negative predictors for ESWL; PCNL and F-URS might be a reasonable alternative even for smaller calculi. Several previous studies showed that the success rate after ESWL for lower pole calculi was adversely affected by renal pelvi-calyceal anatomy [3�C6]. Sampaio and Aragao [5] first determined that a lower pole IPA of