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The latter study also pointed out that hypertrophy of some of the muscle fibres was not of sufficient magnitude to explain the recovery of function of the partially denervated muscles. Exner (1884) correctly surmised that intramuscular (collateral) nerve growth by the remaining intact nerves accounted for the recovery. Our comparisons of muscle wet weights and contractile forces of left partially denervated and right intact TA muscles demonstrated equal weights and forces for partial denervations http://www.selleckchem.com/products/GDC-0941.html N. Our data showed that axon sprouting increased N to account for the increased muscle unit forces recorded from the partially denervated muscles (Fig. 10). That the muscle fibre cross-sectional areas were not different in intact http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglyceride and partially denervated muscles (Fig. 11) further supports the conclusion that axon sprouting to enlarge motor units is the basis for the full recovery of muscle function as Exner had surmised. Up to the upper limit of 75�C80% partial denervation, motor unit enlargement was proportional to the extent of the partial denervation, the distribution of motor unit contractile forces shifting progressively to the right as the extent of partial denervation increased (Fig. 8). Both motor unit contractile force and the number of muscle unit fibres increased progressively until partial denervation exceeded 75�C80%, when both motor unit forces and fibre numbers did not increase further (Fig. 9). This accounts for the decline in muscle weights and contractile forces in the partially denervated muscles as compared with those of muscles in the intact contralateral hindlimbs (Fig. 6) and establishes the upper limit of sprouting to 4- to 5-fold in muscles supplied by motoneurons in the intact or hemisected spinal cords. The most direct way of measuring number of muscle unit fibres is to tag all the muscle unit fibres by repeatedly stimulating the motoneuron to deplete glycogen in the muscle fibres and then to count these glycogen-depleted fibres (Kugelberg http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD0530.html et al. 1970; T?t?sy de Zepetnek et al. 1992b). The principal drawback of this method is that it allows the identification of only one motor unit per muscle. In addition, the method does not resolve the number of muscle fibres per motor unit prior to sprouting. Alternatively, the motor unit size can be determined indirectly by measuring motor unit contractile force. Although this latter method relies on the assumption that any variations in the size of the muscle fibres amongst the motor units can be taken into account and will not confound the data, it has the distinct advantage of being able to study a large number of motor units in each muscle.