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The lamellar epithelium (2�C3 cell layers) is characterized by cuboidal cells in the outermost epithelial cell layer in fish up to 200 g (Fig. 3A); in fish larger than 500 g, the epithelium consists of 4�C5 cell layers and has numerous elongated MRCs occupying the lamellar epithelium (Fig. 3B). The surface http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adrucil(Fluorouracil).html architecture of the pavement cells consists of short microridges distributed at random throughout the apical surface in the interbranchial septum and filament. This architecture changes from long microridges defining the cell boundary (Fig. 7A) to the absence of these microridges in areas close to the onset of lamellae (Fig. 7B) in fish up to 200 g. A high frequency of short microridges is found on the surface of epithelial cells close to the lamellae and in the interlamellar region of the filaments in fish larger than 500 g (Fig. 7C,D). The junctions between PVCs or between PVCs and MRCs are characterized by tight junctions at the most apical part of the lateral surface of the cells, short zonula adherens and, generally, one macula adherens (Fig. 8). Long cytoplasmic processes between adjacent cells result in continuous and sinuous paracellular channels among the cells of the filament and lamellar epithelium (Figs. 3 and 8). The paracellular channels are narrow between the cells of the outermost epithelial cell layer and are sealed by shallow junctional complexes at the apical lateral surface of cells. In contrast, they are wide near the basement http://www.selleckchem.com/products/SRT1720.html membrane. Numerous long microvillus-like cytoplasmic processes project from the epithelial cells into the paracellular http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERTK channel and almost occlude the channel lumen in large fish (up to 1,000 g). Inside the channel, flocculent precipitates and cell debris may be found. Similar cytoplasmic processes project from the pillar cells into the blood spaces in larger fish. The apical surface of the MRCs contains numerous microvilli, some of which are slightly depressed relative to the surface of the pavement cells (Fig. 7C,D). They are elongated in shape and have a basal nucleus, numerous mitochondria, and a well-developed tubular system. The cytoplasm of MRCs contains areas of different electron densities (Fig. 8A,B). The MRCs are distributed mainly in the interlamellar epithelium close to base of the lamella in fish ranging in size from 200 to 600 g (Figs. 2B,D,E and 7). In fish weighing ?1,000 g or more, the MRCs are distributed throughout the filament and the lamellar epithelium (Figs. 2H,J and 7). MRCs show different degrees of immunoreactivity against Na+/K+-ATPase (Fig. 9). Light MRCs (MRCL) and dark MRCs (MRCD) are present at a low frequency in fish under 600 g (5 �� 102 MRC mm?2) and a high frequency in fish larger than 1,000 g (100 �� 102 MRC mm?2) in the lamellae (P?