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All participants provided written informed consent. The study protocol was approved by the Human Research Protection Program at the University of California, San Diego. Participants were followed through July 2008 by annual mailers and periodic clinic visits. Vital status was known for 98 per cent of participants. Death certificates were classified for underlying cause of death by a certified nosologist using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision. CVD deaths http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adriamycin.html included codes 401�C448. Using a regularly calibrated scale and stadiometer, height and weight were measured in participants wearing light clothing and no shoes. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)2. Waist circumference was measured midway between the inferior lateral margin of the ribs and the superior lateral border of the iliac crest. Hip circumference http://www.selleckchem.com/products/DAPT-GSI-IX.html was measured as the widest hip circumference. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured twice in seated resting subjects by certified staff according to a standard protocol. Other cardiovascular risk factors including current cigarette smoking, alcohol intake (��3 times/week), and physical activity (exercise ��3 times/week) were self-reported using standard questionnaires. Medication use was validated by a trained nurse who examined pills and prescriptions brought to the clinic for that purpose. Fasting total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured in a Centre for Disease Control Certified Lipid Research Clinic Laboratory in morning blood samples collected after an over-night, usually 12-h, fast. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured by enzymatic techniques using an ABA-200 biochromatic analyser (Abbott Laboratories, Irving, TX, USA). HDL was measured after precipitation of the other lipoproteins with heparin and manganese chloride. LDL was estimated using the Friedewald formula. Plasma glucose levels were measured by the glucose oxidase method, plasma insulin by double-antibody radioimmunoassay, and serum creatinine by the Jaffe reaction method. Serum UA levels were determined by an autoanalyser using the phosphotungstate method (normal range for women http://www.selleck.cn/products/dabrafenib-gsk2118436.html men). Homoeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was used to estimate insulin resistance according to the formula: [insulin (mU?l?1)?��?glucose (mmol?L?1)]/22.5[11]. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula: 186?��?[plasma creatinine (mg?dL?1)?1.154?��?age (years)?0.203?��?(1.212 if black)?�� (0.742 if female)][12]. A single, clean-catch, untimed morning urine sample (usually second void of the day) was obtained, frozen, and shipped to a National Institutes of Health laboratory/Phoenix, Arizona. Urine albumin was measured using a Behring Nephelometer BNA (Dade Behring GmbH, Marburg, Germany). The interassay coefficient of variation was 4.5%.