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Lastly, Cantarovich et?al. compared no induction with a 10-day course of ATG given at 1.5?mg/kg/day in SPK recipients maintained on steroids, azathioprine, and cyclosporine starting on day 0 in the no-induction http://www.selleckchem.com/PD-1-PD-L1.html group versus on day 9 in the ATG induction group [17]. Patient and graft survival were similar for both organs, but biopsy-proven kidney acute rejection was much higher in the no-induction group (76 vs. 36%, P? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adriamycin.html to significantly reduce the incidence of acute rejection, which would be expected to lead to a decrease in early repeat hospitalizations and lower cumulative corticosteroid utilization. Short-term patient and graft survival are excellent, regardless of the type of induction therapy used. Most recent nonrandomized studies of induction therapy in pancreas transplantation have focused on alemtuzumab induction and steroid elimination. In all cases, patient survival exceeds 95% at 1?year, and 1-year allograft survival of the pancreas is greater than 85% in all reports [19-25]. Given these overall excellent outcomes, it is difficult to prove a clear benefit of one type of induction therapy over another without evaluating acute rejection rates and allograft function. Sundberg et?al. reported on rapid steroid elimination in a small group of mostly kidney-only recipients the setting of alemtuzumab or thymoglobulin induction, in which two patients included SPK and PAK recipients [19]. Outcomes of patient and kidney allograft survival were 94% in the alemtuzumab group vs. 100% in the thymoglobulin group, with a total of 32 recipients enrolled, and no statistical differences seen. Kaufman et?al. compared alemtuzumab induction with rabbit ATG induction in 88 SPK recipients http://www.selleck.cn/products/MK-1775.html on tacrolimus and sirolimus maintenance therapy after a 3-day steroid taper (i.e. early withdrawal) [23]. Patient survival at 1?year was similar in both groups and better than 96%, and at 3?years remained excellent above 91% in both groups. Kidney and pancreas allograft survival at 1 and 3?years was not significantly different between the alemtuzumab and ATG induction groups. Serum creatinine over the first 2?years postoperatively was identical between groups. Rejection rates were very low at 1 and 2?years (6.1 vs. 2.6% and 8.2 vs. 5.3%), and again, no difference between groups was seen. The authors, however, did observe slightly more CMV infections in the thymoglobulin-treated group.