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Methadone initiation or rotation in the outpatient setting was considered a failure if the drug was discontinued, if the patient was admitted to the hospital because of pain or methadone-related side effects on or before the first follow-up visit, or if the patient was lost to follow-up. All cases that did not fall into the complete success or failure categories were considered partial successes. Data obtained from the second follow-up visit were analyzed with regard to pain control and opioid side effects. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Chi-square tests were used to determine associations between categorical variables. Differences between http://www.selleckchem.com/products/z-vad-fmk.html continuous variables were analyzed using t tests for normally distributed data and Wilcoxon rank sum tests for non-normally distributed data. Significance http://www.selleck.cn/products/XL184.html Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated to evaluate the association between morphine equivalent daily dose of the previous opioid and the morphine equivalent daily dose:methadone dose ratio. To further identify factors associated with the morphine equivalent daily dose:methadone ratios at stable pain control, we performed multivariate analyses of variance based on the ranks of the ratios, because these values were not normally distributed. We performed these analyses first only including the variables found to be univariately associated with the ratios at significance levels http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2157299.html methadone initiation or rotation in the Palliative Care Outpatient Clinic. Data collection is described in the flowchart in Figure 1. Patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1. There were no significant differences between groups. By using a conservative intention-to-treat approach, all 7 patients who did not have any follow-up visits were considered failures. Reasons for rotation among these cases are described in Table 2.