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[50] In dogs and cats with chronic respiratory diseases, clinicians often anecdotally note muscle loss. Further study is warranted in these and other diseases seen in dogs and cats. Although 2/3 of older Americans are overweight or obese,[51] aging also is associated http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adriamycin.html with substantial loss of LBM, whether or not obesity is present. Sarcopenia is similar to cachexia in that it is characterized by muscle loss, but it is a syndrome seen during aging in the absence of disease (this is crucial to the definition of sarcopenia because LBM loss associated with disease would be referred to as cachexia).[20, 52] Although sarcopenia is associated with aging, it actually begins early in life, around 30?years of age, and from 20 to 80?years of age, there is a 30% reduction in muscle mass.[52] In sarcopenia, the loss http://www.selleck.cn/products/sch772984.html of LBM often is accompanied by an increase in fat mass so the total weight may not change (or may even increase), thus masking the sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is most commonly identified in people with computed tomography (CT) of the mid-thigh. From CT, it is apparent a person's body weight and external features may not reflect the loss of LBM occurring (Fig?3). Like cachexia, sarcopenia is associated with increased mortality and also has important effects on strength (which negatively impacts frailty and contributes to falls and fractures), immune function, and quality of life.[20, 52] The mechanism of sarcopenia appears to be multifactorial and involves physical inactivity, increased cytokine production, decreased concentrations of growth hormone and testosterone, changes in type II muscle fibers, insulin resistance, and decreased protein synthesis.[20, 52] Few studies investigating sarcopenia have been conducted in dogs and cats, but available information suggests that dogs and cats also lose LBM during aging.4, 5,[53, 54] One study of dogs using proximate (carcass) analysis reported higher mean body fat in geriatric dogs compared to younger dogs, as well as an age-related decline in total body protein.[53] These data support the existence of a similar age-related loss of LBM as is seen in people but lacked details on breed and health of the dogs, which limits the use of these data. A study following the body weight http://www.selleckchem.com/products/obeticholic-acid.html and body composition (by DEXA) of 48 healthy Labrador Retrievers from 8?weeks of age until death identified a significant loss of LBM during aging.[54] Another study of 40 adult Labrador Retrievers aged 2�C13?years compared LBM and fat mass across age groups by DEXA4 and identified a negative linear relationship between age and LBM. Unfortunately, although DEXA is a feasible means of measuring body composition, it has a number of inherent limitations for measuring LBM and is not available in most clinical practices.[16] There is less information from cats, but 1 study in cats reported little change in LBM?:?fat ratio with age, although only cats