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At every survey, I counted, mapped and tagged with colour-headed pins (36?mm long) all individuals observed within the plots (Fig.?S2). The smallest individuals I included in the surveys were very young plants bearing cotyledons and the first true leaves (c. 5?mm plant diameter). In autumn, I estimated that these individuals were 2 or 3?weeks old. I normally did not take into account younger seedlings (i.e. plants bearing cotyledons only) because it was quite easy to confound them with seedlings from other plants species at that early developmental stage in the field. However, the number of A.?thaliana seedlings excluded from the data set was low ( http://www.selleckchem.com/products/SP600125.html peaked, I counted and tagged individual plants as well as clumps. In spring, I also counted the total number of fruits from all surviving individuals. The survey protocol described here was applied in the last three field seasons (2008�C2009, 2009�C2010 and 2010�C2011). During the first field season (2007�C2008), the survey protocol was slightly different: I used the same 20?��?20?cm2 plots but without the 5?��?5?cm2 grid cells, iron nails with coloured wire instead of colour-headed pins, and I mostly tagged clumps that were also mapped. Although the accuracy of the sampling procedure for the first field season was poorer http://www.selleck.cn/products/Imatinib(STI571).html than that applied in the rest of field seasons, the consistency of the results among field seasons gives confidence about the robustness of the methodology. Over the whole study period, I did not observe severe damage to individuals due to the insect activity sometimes observed on A.?thaliana, such as sap-sucker aphids, flowering stalks destroyed by moth larvae or leaf mining or fruit depredation by fly larvae. Hence, the demographic behaviour, in terms of recruitment and survival, of monitored individuals was http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD6244.html mainly determined by variation in environmental conditions over the whole study period. This survey scheme allowed the identification of cohorts of autumn- and spring-germinated A.?thaliana plants. It must be emphasized that any individual in a population may potentially exhibit both demographic behaviours. A pilot study to assess genetic differentiation between autumn- and spring-germinated A.?thaliana plants in different study populations showed that some individuals exhibiting winter and spring annual cycles shared the same genotype (F. X. Pic�� & C. Alonso-Blanco, unpublished data) estimated with neutral genome-wide SNP markers (Gomaa et?al. 2011). Hence, variation in germination timing within each A.?thaliana population of study, which determines winter and spring life cycles, is likely to be strongly determined by variation in environmental factors in these populations.