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Based on their high degree of genetic variability, the Serbian strains were assigned to four different subtypes of ��Ca.?Phytoplasma ulmi�� (EY-S1, EY-S2, EY-S3 and EY-S4). New diagnostic enzymes for practical use in ��Ca.?Phytoplasma ulmi�� identification are proposed for http://www.selleckchem.com/products/smoothened-agonist-sag-hcl.html the 16S rRNA, ribosomal protein and secY genes. The implications of genetic variability within signature sequences for taxonomy and identification of ��Ca.?Phytoplasma�� species, as well as the importance of geographic variability and number of strains characterized for species description, are discussed. Phytoplasmas are wall-less, phloem-limited, non-culturable prokaryotes of the class Mollicutes that are associated with diseases in several hundred species of plants. Because they cannot be cultured on artificial medium and lack measurable phenotypic characters, classification of phytoplasmas has been based primarily on molecular analyses of highly conserved 16S rRNA gene sequences (Lee et?al., 1993, 1998). A provisional taxonomic system for uncultured bacteria (Murray & Schleifer, 1994) was recently adopted for naming phytoplasma species candidates, with some modifications as a result of the high level of phytoplasmal 16S rRNA gene variability (IRPCM, 2004). According to the suggested rules, a new ��Candidatus Phytoplasma�� species should share http://www.selleck.cn/products/SP600125.html distribution), which cause diseases in a variety of economically important plant species. They infect woody perennial hosts such as grapevine, alder, elm, blackberry, cherry, Spartium spp. and Ziziphus spp., causing diseases known as flavescence dor��e (FD), alder yellows (ALY), elm yellows (EY), rubus stunt (RuS), spartium witches�� broom (SpaWB), cherry lethal yellows (CLY) http://www.selleckchem.com/products/epz015666.html and jujube witches�� broom (JWB), respectively (Lee et?al., 2004). Based on RFLP analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences, 16SrV group phytoplasmas have been classified into five subgroups (Lee et?al., 1998, 2004; Davis & Dally, 2001). The reference phytoplasma strain for the 16SrV group is EY1T of the 16SrV-A subgroup (Lee et?al., 1993). Although phytoplasma strains in the 16SrV group share a high degree of 16S rRNA gene similarity, two strains were proposed as separate species of a newly established ��Candidatus Phytoplasma�� taxon based on genetic variability of less well-conserved genes and distinct ecological properties. Phytoplasma strains infecting Ziziphus species in China and India (16SrV-B subgroup) were proposed as ��Ca.?Phytoplasma ziziphi�� (Jung et?al., 2003) and strains infecting Ulmus species in North America and Europe (16SrV-A) as ��Ca.?Phytoplasma ulmi�� (Lee et?al.