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Two trained graders, masked to patients�� clinical history and visual field results, independently quantified ��-PPA areas in square millimetres on the FAF images by BPRF image analysis software. Three consecutive scans, obtained on the http://www.selleckchem.com/products/INCB18424.html same date, were selected. Each grader outlined the optic disc margin on the first image under guidance of stereoscopic photographs of the optic disc, to exclude the optic disc region from the measurements. Similar to atrophic areas, blood vessels exhibit low signal intensity in FAF images. For this reason, blood vessels in the peripapillary region were blocked by manually applying linear constraints whenever they interfered with the measurement ��-PPA (Figs?1�C2). The number, size and location of blood vessel constraints were at the graders�� discretion. The blocking of the blood vessels was automatically exported to the two subsequent scans. For the evaluation of intragrader variability, each grader consecutively measured the ��-PPA area three times on the same FAF images. Figures?1 and 2 compare measurements with FAF-BPRF http://www.selleckchem.com/products/SB-431542.html and CSLO. Prior to the grading, an independent observer reviewed all scans and excluded those that were poorly centred, poorly focused or poorly illuminated based on qualitative assessment. Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy images were acquired with the HRT II (Heidelberg Engineering) and analysed using HRT 3 software (Heidelberg Engineering). The HRT CSLO provides topographical measurements of the optic disc and peripapillary retina. Details of the instrument and its principle of use have been described elsewhere. (Zangwill et?al. 2005) All images included in the analysis were carefully examined and reviewed by the UCSD Imaging Data Evaluation and Assessment (IDEA) Center staff for proper centring, focus and illumination according to a standard protocol; all mean topography images had a standard deviation of http://www.selleck.cn/products/VX-770.html HRT software version 3.0.6.0 or earlier for image acquisition. Optic nerve reflectance images obtained by HRT were used to evaluate ��-zone PPA area. Using the HRT 3 software (version 3.1.2.0), a contour line (normally used for delineating the optic disc margins) was used to outline the margins of ��-PPA on the HRT reflectivity images independently by the same two operators with the help of recent optic disc photographs. Using the HRT 3 software (version 3.1.2.0), quantitative assessment of ��-PPA was automatically calculated, measuring the area within the delineated contour margin of the ��-PPA. Each grader measured the ��-PPA area three times on the same CSLO images. All FAF-BPRF images were baseline images. The CSLO images closest to the FAF-BPRF scans were selected for this study and were obtained no more than 2?years prior to the FAF-BPRF images.